ns

Signing Away Rights Khaled Hosseini’s novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, portrays the struggles of two women living under Taliban law in Afghanistan. Many thousands of women are restricted to their homes because the Taliban permits them from contributing to society, seeking education, or even leaving their property without a male relative present. Because women continue to face this oppression, 97% of women in the country show symptoms of depression (Woolf Internet). Women in Afghanistan are prohibited from having the right to make their own decisions because of gender discrimination.In the book, Mariam faced ongoing gender discrimination, but two events mirrored each other and portrayed huge significance. When Mariam was forced to marry Rasheed, she needed to sign a contract, just as she did before her execution, twenty seven years later. But what does one’s signature symbolize? It symbolizes their approval to whatever is written in the document. Mariam was sent off to R asheed against her will. â€Å"But I’ve seen nine-year-old girls given to men twenty years older than your suitor, Mariam. We all have. What are you, fifteen? That’s a good, solid marrying age for a girl,† (pg. 4). This is an example of a problem that practically all women in Afghanistan face because they have no rights and are treated as prizes to be given away. Twenty seven years later, Mariam killed Rasheed in order to defend Laila and was sent to prison. â€Å"†¦Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. Always,† (pg. 323). Mariam recalled Nana’s wisdom as she awaited her execution. This quote shows that women are evidentally inferior to men in the Afganistan society and will be accused of crimes that they did or did not do regardless.Mariam stayed mute during both events because she knew that her protests would not be heard, and she’d be overruled by the Mullah. These events symbol ize the injustice that women face, but have to bear because society cannot be changed according to their whim. The things that happened to Mariam and Laila were not unusual events. Having women forced to do things against their will was a common occurrence in Afghanistan. â€Å"87% of women are illiterate and only 30% of women in Afghanistan have access to education,† (Taylor Internet).These startling statistics show that women are not valued as much as men are and are one of the reasons why they are taken advantage of. â€Å"Seventy to eighty percent of women face forced marriages, and as a result, one in every three Afghan women experience physical, psychological, or sexual violence, (Taylor Internet)†. Looking at these facts, women do not have a choice about almost anything. The small percent of women who do have rights to certain things in Afghanistan are only getting the average rights that other women, who live in more developed areas of the world, usually get al l the time.This is all because women are not considered to be equal to men and because they are treated differently, the average life expectancy for a woman in Afghanistan is only 44 years (Taylor Internet). Although Afghanistan is known for its cruel Taliban laws, few changes have been welcomed. Hamid Kurzai, the Afghanistan president, stated, â€Å"Men and women have equal rights under Islam but there are differences in the way men and women are created, (Boone Internet). † Women are now allowed to refuse sex from their husband if she is sick or has a reasonable excuse.Women are also allowed to leave the home without permission when there is an emergency forcing her to do so. With that statement, he passed a new law that gives women slightly more freedom, but still to an unreasonable extent. To this day, Afghanistan women are still portrayed as unequal and inferior just as Mariam and Laila were treated in the book. When Mariam signed the contracts twice in the book, once to Rasheed and again when she accepted her execution, she gave away her life and all the unjust rights that she had along with it.Practically all women residing in Afghanistan have to deal with these situations on a daily basis because they are prohibited to make their own decisions due to being of ‘inferior’ female gender. On a side note, Taliban law has been weakening throughout the years. Campaigns and protests against the restrictions on women, although not fully successful, are helping women in Afghanistan a little more every day and give them hope of freedom. -Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns, May 22, 2007 Human’s Rights Watch, Afghanistan: New Law Threatens Women’s Freedom, Human’s Rights Watch, April 14, 2009, http://www. hrw. org/news/2009/04/14/afghanistan-new-law-threatens-women-s-freedom -Rupert Taylor, Women’s Rights Abused In Afghanistan, Middle Eastern Affairs, April 20, 2009, http://rupert-taylor. suite101. com/womens-r ights-abused-in-afghanistan-a111098 -Jon Boone, ‘Worse Than The Taliban’ –New Law Rolls Back Rights For Afghan Women’ , World News, March 30, 2009, http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2009/mar/31/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-law

Cigarettes

This, perhaps, is the most and only logical reasoning behind the lasting Of the cigarette industry. However as the product develops and more information is exposed to the public, calls to end the public distribution of cigarettes have grown louder and spread into the world of politics more and more prominently (Strobe). In order to help improve the health of people and to abide by moral standards, cigarettes should be legalized. When cigarettes were first introduced, they became extremely popular, primarily due to the addictive traits of the chemicals in the smoke.However, his had been a time before further research revealed an astounding number of other harmful chemicals within each cigarette, including components found in rat poison and house cleaning agents. Furthermore, not many had known of the existence of tar and nicotine, which cigarettes are known to create and contain a lot of, respectively. Tar build up is now commonly known to be a leading cause of health problems in ciga rette users, and nicotine is known as the addictive, artery-sealing leading component in cigarettes. Even further than the harm being done to smokers, second-hand smoke is also an absurdly active health problem.The effects of second hand smoke are exemplified by the fact that the damage done by this source IS done to non- smokers, punishing those who chose not to use cigarettes. Banning cigarette use will undoubtedly increase the overall health of the American people, even if the former smokers believe they are suffering. Another point to be observed in the existence of cigarettes as a commercial product is the moral aspect of it. Tobacco companies are completely aware of all the health risks imposed on smokers, yet they merely see their customers as income.Tobacco companies intentionally use extremely toxic chemicals simply to increase the addictive qualities of their product, completely disregarding the value of human life for the value of their economic sustainability. Advertisin g by tobacco companies are also morally wrong, as recently it has been observed that certain advertisements are meant to target younger groups. This is meant as a marketing strategy, as getting younger customers â€Å"hooked† means a longer lasting stream of income from a large group of individuals. This is yet another example of the inhumanity displayed y tobacco companies.While their industry is not the only example of a disregard for human health for economics, it is definitely one of the more prominent in today's society. To take one step in a positive direction to address the â€Å"risk anything for the economy† attitude, cigarettes should be legalized. The one positive that may have resulted in the formation of cigarettes is that the economy does, in some portion, rely on these large industries for a source of international wealth. However, the economy should not take a front seat over the well-being of the populations.Also, the existence of these massive commerc ial industries are restricting the legalization process of far more beneficial alternatives, such as cannabis, or marijuana. Because of the fear of losing revenue, tobacco companies have attempted for some time to prevent the legalization of marijuana, which is known to have several positive effects and very few negatives. The existence of tobacco corporations effectively prevents further processes to allow use of this beneficial plant, in addition to lowering the cost to arrest those that possess marijuana.Therefore, the one positive created by the existence of the tobacco industry has created even more negatives. Due to the overwhelming health detriments and lack of morality, cigarette use should indeed be banned. The existence of the tobacco industry has created a multitude of problems, including the closing of doors leading to brighter alternatives. This opinion is also spreading among the popular opinions of those in control of the media, further supporting the case that cigare ttes are obviously poison, both literal and figurative.

Focus Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Focus Report - Research Paper Example The philosophy of crime prevention that I wish to push is to solve the problem at its source. Homeland defense and illegal immigration are inextricably intertwined in that much of the Homeland Defense policy of the United States has targeted illegal immigration. In a Working Paper entitled â€Å"An Analysis of Migrant Smuggling Costs along the Southwest Border† (2010) by the Department of Homeland Security, it was found that stronger enforcement mechanisms led to a rise in smuggling costs, thus effectively deterring illegal immigration across borders. Homeland defense and illegal immigration are inextricably intertwined in that much of the Homeland Defense policy of the United States has targeted illegal immigration. Much debate has raged over immigration policies in the United States. In the past, the United States had reached out with open arms to immigrants coming from distant shores, who want to make this country their home. As a result of this, we have seen America become a melting pot of cultures, offering its embrace to the poor and downtrodden. In many instances, however, social controversies had arisen as a result of the influx of immigrants. This is the current situation at hand. Conservative Americans say that the government has coddled illegal immigrants far too long, and given the current bleak state of the US economy, this is prejudicial to ordinary Americans citizens. Those of immigrant heritage, on the other hand, particularly the Latinos, call for less stringent immigration measures and continue to go to the US to escape the poverty and desperation in their home countries. Immigration policies are hotly contested and draw divisive lines across the nation. Peak (2009) has colorfully described illegal immigration efforts by the US government: The UAVs use thermal and night vision equipment to spot illegal immigrants; they can detect movement from 15 miles of altitude, read a license plate, and even detect weapons. In 39 days of border surv eillance, the UAVs led to the apprehension of 248 illegal immigrants and the seizure of 518 pounds of marijuana. The vehicles are waist-high, weigh about 1000 pounds, have a 35-foot wingspan, fly faster than 100 miles an hour and can stay aloft for 20 hours at a time. A major problem that illegal immigration has created is the drug problem. Terrorism is not simply an assault on freedom and democracy; it can equally be an assault on the individual by creating drug dependence that leads to other pernicious social effects. According to Peak (2009), â€Å"more than half of all adult arrestees test positive for drug use at the time of their apprehension; their drug use prior to incarceration is typically chronic.† The problem of illicit drugs in the United States must be viewed against the backdrop of a well-oiled international drug trafficking network that has sustained the addiction of drug users and has lined the pockets of those who profit from this addiction. Indeed, in order to address illicit drug use at its core, it is imperative to understand the workings of the drug trade – the production, transport and distribution – that takes place before eventual consumption. Many Americans assume that illicit drugs in the United States come from Latin America, without really understanding the dynamics between the drug cartels and the relationships of the players with each other. In truth, Colombian drug organizations and Mexican drug organizati

Time is money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Time is money - Essay Example The writer loves food so he learnt to cook. However, his musician friend rather chooses to pay for his lunch so as to be able to spend more time doing what he loves to do, which is music. According to writer, people spend their scarce time and money on doing things that endow them with higher utility or provide them with a relatively higher remuneration. Nobody has enough time and money to invest them on learning everything. That is why people choose to pay others for the products and services they avail from them, by spending the money they earn doing things they love to do or that provide them with a higher remuneration. Division of labor is the direct outcome of the scarcity of time and resources. The given article teaches much about the opportunity cost. Thereby, as per the article, if a person chooses to do the work he loves, she is not left with enough time to spend it on learning a variety of other things. Hence, to be able to do the things a person loves, one has to forgo doing many other things, which is the opportunity cost of choosing to do one specific thing. Hence, while procuring services, people act as the typical economic man and resort to rational thinking. They clearly assort the objectives they intend to achieve in life and allocate their time and money in a way that harmonizes with and furthers the objectives they intend to achieve in life. For example a musician may choose to learn to play guitar instead of learning to cook or repair cars, because she loves music and it is her profession. To make the best use of their time and money, people resort to trade offs and chose the best possible alternatives that suit their liking and pocket, while choosing a profe ssion or acquiring skills. With the money they earn for this work, they prefer to pay people who specialize in other vocations or skills, which they don’t know and don’t have the time to or aptitude learn. This article also teaches much about the scarcity or limited nature

Credit Crunch and Commodities Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Credit Crunch and Commodities Market - Essay Example This issue is affecting world trade in that it is currently making it difficult for banks to provide loans to businesses given the significant losses encountered so far as following prior sub-prime mortgage lending. Following from the integration of capital markets, the credit crunch will lead to a fall in stock markets in the US and this may be transmitted through contagion to other major stock markets of the world such as the U.K, China, Japan, EU, etc. International organizations may witness a drop in their stock prices. In addition, the credit crunch may lead to greater fluctuations in exchange rates and interest rates and this will mean that international organizations need to rethink their risk management policies. This led to a tightening of credit because banks faced a liquidity problem arising out of the high rate of defaults on mortgages. The stocks of banks and financial institutions began to slide and the Dow Jones experienced a significant fall in points as several large financial institutions in the United States hovered on the brink of bankruptcy. Some financial institutions received help from the Government while others like Shearson Lehman filed for bankruptcy. The crisis in the financial institutions and the tightening credit also had repercussions on the rest of the economy, resulting in a drop in consumer confidence and purchasing with the economy sliding into a recession. 1.1Problem Statement and Research Questions Following the present global financial crisis that has created havocs into the global financial system and the world economy. The paper expects to provide answers to the following questions: How have the crises affect commodity prices in the... As the report declares the stocks of banks and financial institutions began to slide and the Dow Jones experienced a significant fall in points as several large financial institutions in the United States hovered on the brink of bankruptcy. Some financial institutions received help from the Government while others like Shearson Lehman filed for bankruptcy. The crisis in the financial institutions and the tightening credit also had repercussions on the rest of the economy, resulting in a drop in consumer confidence and purchasing with the economy sliding into a recession. This study will examine the current financial crisis caused by the decline in the availability of credit and the impact of the credit crunch on the commodities market. The major source of data for this study will be the literature review, taking into account the views of experts on the causes of the credit crunch and the consequences that arise in the commodities market as a result of the credit crunch. In addition to this secondary data, the primary data used in this study is the price indices of different commodities as reported by the IMF over the years, in order to examine the changes that are discernable in the commodities market due to the credit crunch. Attention will also be on the activities of some major banks. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: part two presents a theoretical framework where major terms and theories relating to the study are discussed, it also provides a review of relevant literature which enables the researcher to identify gaps in the literatu re.

Stanton And Women Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stanton And Women Liberty - Essay Example During the period of American Revolution, white males having personal property were allowed to vote, the general attitude about women started to grow conservative. Women were allowed limited privileges, and had certain responsibilities to be carried out, including household activities. Elizabeth arranged a meeting in 1848, at Waterloo. The purpose of the gathering was to fight for women rights. Her colleagues were Quakers and were associated with anti slavery cause and temperance movement. In the meeting, she openly criticized the American government for its failure to protect and safeguard the rights of women. She discussed some of her concerns in this regard. She protested against laws, that offered husband with the permission to beat his wife, she protested for not allowing wife to divorce her spouse. The previous laws and practices, according to which, when a woman got married, all of her property, including her children, automatically became her husband's property, was opposed and challenged. Elizabeth immediately requested revival of policies. The meeting concluded with a plan to launch Women's Rights Convention, where Elizabeth drew up a declaration of woman's right and modeled it after the Declaration of Independence. Elizabeth protested and condemned such laws, according to which married women was treated as if she was civilly dead, women had no right on their property and earnings. She openly criticized the divorce laws for ignoring the happiness of wife, imposing taxes on her property, but not providing her with the right to vote, and demanded right to vote. She demanded equal education for all, irrespective of gender. Elizabeth was then selected as the leader of women's rights movement. She struggled, and never lost courage and determination. Majority was against her views regarding women, and opposition poured in from all sides. Elizabeth criticized the society for considering women as secondary or inferior being, without the ability to think logically, especially in the political arena. (Blatch, Harriot Stanton an d Alma Lutz (1940). Challenging Years: the Memoirs of Harriot Stanton Blatch). In 1851, Elizabeth met Susan B. Anthony, both applied concentrated efforts for women's right. Elizabeth possessed personality and strong speaking ability; she was the brains, the public figure for this cause. Elizabeth was selected as the President of National American Women's Suffrage Association; she remained in this authority from 1869 to 1892. She spent her time circulating and signing petitions for emancipation activities, during the civil war. She stressed that the women population should be allowed to vote, she concluded that, women's suffrage can only be addressed if constitutional amendment in incorporated allowing women right to cast independent vote. She desired the political empowerment of American women. In one of Elizabeth's later speeches that she delivered in 1892, tilted The Solitude of Self, she stated that every individual, irrespective of gender, stands alone. An individual, according to her, is responsible for personal actions, and therefore should accept consequ ences, create a moral life, and take a stand or not. Before moving to Seneca Falls, Elizabeth developed strong interaction with Lucretia Mott, the Quaker minister, feminist, and abolitionist. She met her at the International Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England in the spring of 1840. The two women were able to

Business and management studies Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business and management studies - Thesis Example Performance appraisal should be one of the most effective means of the psychologically charged activities in business life. In addition, performance appraisal is one of the generally broadly studied areas in industrial/organizational psychology. However, the conventional study program has done very little to advance the value of performance appraisal as a managerial tool (Bratton & Gold, 2007). An amount of studies has related the human Resource practices to different Organizational outcomes such as output, value, proceeds, market value and general profits. Organizations bearing long terms objectives of constant aggressive advantage and high productivity should improve their human capital by putting in place structure and practices to accomplish and retain their goal (Hoque, K. (1999). Current study has stirred away from studies of rater correctness and psychometric measures to subject of employee response towards performance appraisal as indicators of organization satisfaction and efficiency. The reason is because employee sensitivity of fairness of performance appraisal has a great impact on organization efficiency (Bratton & Gold, 2007). Perceptions of justice are seen as an important issue in employee approval of and fulfillment with performance appraisal. This has forced the managers to have both a principled and legal compulsion to conduct appraisals in a fair, honest and unbiased manner (Bratton & Gold, 2007). The government of Saudi Arabia has in recent times adopted a negligent tactic to human resource management in both public and private sectors. The private sector in Saudi Arabia has in recent times received more attention (Bratton & Gold, 2007). Since the early 2000s, the government has initiated a broad legal structure to control the management of people in the private sector, because the government is investing heavily in the private sector in order to make it more attractive for international companies

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 37

Marketing - Essay Example The service encounter at the bank was extensively unsatisfactory and below expectations. I have a savings account with the bank and which was opened recently. From the inception, I mentioned that I needed an ATM card that is rather a guarantee and a chequebook to help in transactions of huge amounts of money. The bank sent the ATM card and the Pin for two weeks while the chequebook was not released. When the customer care was contacted, they kept on admitting the mistake yet could not take any appropriate action to resolve the matter. The delay in receiving the check prompted a visit to my branch, and the response was one that was not characteristic of a good customer care service. The branch asked me to write an application formally to request for the chequebook, a process I felt was a fundamental breach of good service delivery. After the application, the bank gave a surety that the cheque book would be sent after seven days and one month has passed and the product has not yet been delivered. The bank has no respect for its customers and does not take into consideration the concerns and predicaments of its customers. Consequently, the bank has proven to be clueless concerning the needs of its customers. It is incumbent upon banks to identify and predict the things that customers are most likely to recur. Even after physically going to the branch, the bank failed to listen to my predicaments hence the disenfranchisement. The bank has the poorest services and treats its customers with contempt. Banks should understand that individuals have other obligations and duties that are bound to attend to on a daily basis. It is their responsibility to simplify service delivery to make it relatively easy for customers to access services. Going to the bank every time to withdraw huge amounts of cash has a number of disadvantages; for instance, having huge sums of money at a given point is dangerous due to security purposes. It is easy for

Health Care Issues in Ireland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Care Issues in Ireland - Research Paper Example Firstly, there is a large gap between the quality of services for the private health owners and the public health coverage. Secondly, due to the two tiered health care system there are a lot of issues with the medical practitioners as they discriminate between those who pay for health care and those who don`t. Thirdly, Ireland also has a lot of cultural issues with health care which needs to be addressed with some serious consideration. Ireland ranks 22nd on the health care ranking for the developed world, where only US lies behind this state in this context1. This reflects the widespread difference between the quality of coverage provided by the public health care and the private health care. This is indicative of the basic flaw in the system, where there are separate health packages for those who belong to the lower income group and those who fall high in the average income spectrum. In other words, Ireland follows the system where a medical card is issued to those who belong to a lower income group which makes them eligible for a free health care service (Noan & Nolan 2004). However, those who don`t need welfare fund to run their homes, and can afford to pay for health care are required to pay a fees to be eligible for the health care process. This system creates various issues for the entire health care structure operational in Ireland. Firstly, those who avail the free services via their medical cards have to go through extended waiting lines to get themselves checked. In the peak season, for instance when the winter flu breaks, there are cases when people have to wait for three consecutive days for their turn. The quality of service in the public hospitals is so pathetic that the emergency wards, even the lobbies of crowded with patient beds (Noan & Nolan 2004). Though prescriptions are also free for medical card owners, but the quality is quite low. At the same time, those who opt for the private health care are better off as they get treated on the spot and quality services are availed by these patients who have purchased a health care or pay the required fees for the medical checkups2. Secondly, other issues also related with the two tiered system prevalent in Ireland for instance the issue with the medical practitioners discriminating against the patients who avail the medical card for free services. Basically, the flaw lies in the way health care functions in Ireland. Those who are covered under a health care plan are treated in the same public hospitals where other citizens, even those with the medical cards are treated. The system would have worked fine if the doctors were to be paid the same amount of salary by the government regardless of the types of patients they`re dealing with. In fact, it`s the other way round i.e. the medical practitioners are being paid their due amount of salary by the government to treat the patients with the medical cards (Noan & Nolan 2004). However, when it comes to the treatment of those who ar en’t relying on the medical card, for their treatment the practitioners are paid on a fee per service basis. This above system mentioned above where practitioners are paid a higher amount for dealing with the private health care patients is the root cause of the health care issues prevailing in Ireland. The practitioners take it more like a business as they have a higher self interest in treating the

Automatic Railway Level Crossing Essay Example for Free

Automatic Railway Level Crossing Essay Abstract: In the rapidly flourishing country like ours, accidents in the unmanned level crossings are increasing day by day. No fruitful steps have been taken so far in these areas. The objective of our project is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level-crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, it provides safety to the road users by reducing the accidents. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensors placed near to the gate and transmits the information to the gate controller via wired or wireless. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates. The operation is automatic i. e. , error due to manual operation is prevented. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of train is detected by the sensor placed on either side of the gate at about 3km from the level crossing. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic error due to manual operation will be prevented. Once the arrival of the train is sensed, the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller via, wired or wireless transmission and it checks for possible presence of vehicle between the gates. Subsequently, buzzer indication and light signals on either side are provided to the road users indicating the closure of gates. Once, no vehicle is sensed in between the gate the motor is activated and the gates are closed. But, for the worst case if any obstacle is sensed it is indicated to the train driver by signals (RED) placed at about 1km, so as to bring it to halt well before the level crossing. When no obstacle is sensed GREEN light is indicated, and the train is to free to move. The departure of the train is detected by sensors placed at about 1km from the ate. The signal about the departure is sent to the microcontroller, which in turn operates the motor in reverse way and opens the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates. Also reliability is high as it is not subjected to manual errors. Components : IR sensors or Vibration sensors, Microcontroller, L293D(driver IC), Stepper motor, Wireless Transmitter and Receiver, power supply. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION Micro Controller Totally 40-pin DIP package manufactured with CMOS Technology. L293D (motor driver IC) Racially L293D 16DIP /ULN 2003 IC is used to drive the stepper motor. STEPPER MOTOR This is used to open and close the gates automatically when it is rotated clock wise or anticlockwise direction. Stepper motor requires 500m amps current, so use the L293D drivers to drive the stepper motor. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION Keil By 1. B. BHARATH KUMAR REDDY – 113004045 2. P SAMBASIVA RAO – 113004161 3. T. RANGA VINOD KUMAR 113004207 4. T. SIVA NARAYANA REDDY 113004205

International Business Management Marketing Essay

International Business Management Marketing Essay 1.0 Executive summary This report details subject of exporting which includes the reasons why companies internationalize and the measures the should undertake before pursuing export strategies. The systematic approach have been discussed in detail. We have talked about the two export strategies available in any organization pursuing the export strategy. We have also talked about the different types of direct and indirect exporting(which are the two main strategies of exporting, indirect and direct exporting). The benefits that the organization gain from pursuing them and how best to go about them. They have been discussed in detail , every advantage comes a disadvantage they have talked about the pitfalls that come with pursuing the strategies. Exporting strategy in general has been discussed . I have used a small company based in the United States to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of exporting. 2.0 METHODOLOGY Mainly the information in this report was from text books. Also through the discussion with fellow colleagues, debates also contributed to the information gathered in the report. The internet through the world-wide web also made contribution to the information contained in the report. 3.0 INTRODUCTION Exporting refers to strategy of producing products or services in one country (often the producers home country) selling and distributing them to customers located in other countries. Many organizations use exporting as an entry strategy . It is flexible and in the case where the product is not doing well due to the changes in the environment the firm can easily put out without incurring sufficient costs. Exporting is one of the cheapest and less risky ways of internationalizing. Internationalizing business refers to the performance of trade and investment activities by the firms across the borders. There are many ways that can lead a firm to internalize. The main reasons are: To seek opportunities growth through market doors diversification, substantial market potential exists outside the home country. To earn high profits, for many types of products and services market growth in mature economies is sluggish or flat These are some of the main reasons why most companies internationalize or export their product. At a broadest level firms internationalize or export to enhance competitive advantage.Cavusgil et al (2008 p5,p17) 4.0 THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EXPORTING According to Cavusgil et al (2008, p.391-394) There is need for an organization to have a systematic approach before exporting the goods and services. The more experienced managers use a systematic approach to improve the firms prospects for successful exporting by assessing potential markets, by organizing the firm to undertake exporting, acquiring appropriate skills and competences and implement export strategies. The following steps are taken and examined in detail: 4.1 First step: Asses global market opportunity Managers will assess the firms readiness to internationalize, then choose the most appropriate country market and partners. The look at the readiness of the firm and its products. Tools like CORE (Companies readiness to export available online at global edge) are undertaken. Managers will assess the most attractive markets , potential distributors and identifies the industry market potential. Visiting promising countries is a significant approach because managers are able to understand the Customers needs, competitive environment and other external factors. 4.2 Second step: Organize for exporting Managers make decisions about what degree of the firms involvement, resources to be committed and the type of domestic and foreign intermediaries to hire, what sort of time-table the firm should pursue to achieve export goals and objectives. 4.3 Third step: Acquire skills and competences The firm acquires skills and competences to handle export operations. It trains staff and engages appropriate facilitating firms (such as freight forwarders, bankers and international trade lawyers) The reason as to why companies do this is because of the complexity of export transactions. The company can either launch a new product or use the adaption strategy when opportunity countries vary in terms of infrastructure; finance in the customer purchases hence the need for managers to gain internationally oriented capabilities. 4.4 Fourth step: Implementing exporting strategy Here managers will make decisions about product adaptation, marketing communities; pricing and supporting foreign subsidiaries and intermediaries. Product adaptation is the modifying a product to suit the needs and tastes of buyers in the target market. A good example is when Microsoft company in Germany, it must ensure that the software is written in Germany. Market adaptation refers to modifying advertising , selling style, public relations and promotional activities to suit individual markets, this of course will depend on the target market, the nature of the product and the firms position in the markets relative to competitors. Identifying and analyzing the four steps available to the organizations (which is known as the systematic approach) will help it decide which export strategy to pursue. They are to main strategies available namely direct and indirect exporting. The both have their advantages and disadvantages . it is important to understand and asses them. Firms selection on which strategy to pursue should be relative to the products or services. Certain products may be favorable with direct exporting while others will not. 5.0 EXPORTING INDIRECTLY With this approach a company engages intermediaries located in the firms home market. The intermediaries or intermediaries or firms are capable of finding foreign markets and buyers for its products. Export trading companies (EMs), export trading companies (ETs), international trading consultants and other intermediaries can give the exporter access to well contracts. Yet the export can still retain considerable control of the benefits of exporting, such as learning more about foreign competitors new techniques and market opportunity. The following are the independent organizations within the exporters domestic market, these are; Domestic-based merchants (export) who take time hire to the products and sell abroad Piggy-banking, this is where the exporter uses the overseas distributing facility of another facility Co-operations organizations, these act on behalf of a number of products and are partly controlled by the producers of primary products such as fruit nuts export through co-operative organizations Domestic-based export agents who sell on behalf of the exporter, these are usually paid on commission. Jobber(2007,p.956) 5.1 Advantages of exporting indirectly Indirect exports dont require a lot of organizational effort , staff workers . even if a company operates on export department, it emphasis only on a small number of employees, as the main work is carried out by foreign trade partners who have obtained an order. Indirect exporting can relatively move out of the market if it turns out that it does not match its goals and objectives. 5.2 Drawbacks of exporting indirectly During exporting, not all goods and services can be sold on the international market. Technically complex goods for example plasma screens, computers and some gadgets will not be suitable for indirect exporting. Although in the of indirect export exit to foreign market demands small financial and human resources it is not always effective in the long run. It leads t de-minimizing returns. Trading partners try to get maximum profits from their services as mediators. This leads to the rise of transfer of goods and services to a retailer with small profits for the enterprise. Besides the latter cannot acquire its own experience in foreign market has no information on the wishes of clients the behavior of competitors and general economic conditions in individual countries. Not all the brokers are usually the optimum market potential and opportunities for marketing. This allows in miscalculations and mistakes in various actions they undertake. This affects the income of producers or exports of goods. A good example is where certain foreign markets are not optimal goods that may be offered to exporters. The price can be set without taking into account specific parts of the market. The company exporting indirectly is deprived of direct communication with the end uses. This includes transition to other forms of work in the markets. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect exports CBS (Anon n.d.) 6.0 EXPORTING DIRECTLY This approach is the most ambitious and difficult. The exporter handle every aspect of the exporting process from market research and planning to foreign distribution collections, substantial commitment of management time and attention is required to achieve good results. However this approach maybe best way to achieve high profits and growth with reasonable assistance and guidance from the department of commerce, state trade offices freight forwarders, international banks and other service groups. 6.1 TYPES OF DIRECT EXPORTING Companies usually use agents and distributors in some or all of their exports abroad. It has been estimated that over 60percent of US companies go for some or their export activity. In the European firms figures it rises to 70percent. Agents may be exclusive, where the agreement is between the exporter and the agent alone; semi-exclusive, where the agent handles the goods along with other non-competing goods from companies ; or exclusive, where the agent handles a variety of goods, including some that they may compete with exporter products. Distributors are different from agents , the take hire to the goods and payment ( to the distributors) is according to the differences between the buying and selling prices rather than commission. Distribution are only appointed when after-sales service is required to they are more likely to posses the necessary resources than agent. The advantages of both agents and distributors are that they are acquainted with local market, customs and conventions, existing business contracts and foreign nationals. They have a direct incentives to sell through either commission or profit margin, but since their remuneration is tied to sales they way be reluctant to devote much time and effort to developing a market for a new product. Also the amount of market feedback may be limited as the agent or distributor may see themselves as a purchasing agent for customers rather than selling agent export. 6.2 Domestic-based sales representatives Since he is a company employer he has direct control of activities. When the company is not comfortable with the way agents and distributors are handling their product they can engage a sales representative to performance most of the activities. Company employs will apply more commitment to the customer; which may seem absent in the distributors and agent consequently they are often uses in industrial markets where there are a fewer large customers that require close contract with suppliers and where the size of orders justifies the expense of foreign travel. 6.3 Overseas sales/marketing office or subsidiary This is a bigger customer commitment in this choice than using domestic-base sales representatives. The major concern with option is the huge amount of investment required . however, the exporter may be seen to be an indigenous supplier, this improves the chances of achieving market success. In some markets, where access to distribution channels is limited selling direct through an overseas sells office maybe the only feasible way of breaking into the market. The sales office or subsidiary acts as a center for foreign based sales representatives, handles sales distribution and promotion and is a customer service center. 6.4 The internet Companies can now export directly to customers through the global reach of the internet. By creating a website overseas consumers are aware of the firms products and can order directly. The internet is not only on demand to market but also used as a useful research tool. Sites like the international growth offer skills and resources for specific industries for example system and computing services companies. Jobber(2007,p.957-959) 6.5 Advantages of direct exporting Through direct export target management and the control of sales become possible which is unrealistic on the case of direct export The exporting company establishes the direct contact with a foreign partner and not only operates through its own foreign trade companies abroad but also has the best opportunities for direct participation foreign transaction. Direct export is applicable to a wide range of goods and services. By exporting a larger number of financial and human resources is covered than in the case of indirect export The advantage of direct exports are especially apparent in the export and supply of company products and services, the sales of which would not have been possible through foreign trade companies and export firms. This applies, above all to those goods and services that have a small degree of standardization and high-line scheme. 6.6 The main drawbacks of direct exporting While direct exporting is applicable to a wider range of goods and services, for certain goods and services direct export is considered inappropriate in the same way as indirect. This applies to goods that are due to short work life and cannot or unlike be exported; goods which may be associated with high transport costs, goods which require complex after sale service which cannot by resellers Direct export is fraught with difficulties for enterprises of economic kind, such are those associated with deterioration of exchange rates. If the rate of domestic or currencies of third countries increases in markets However compared the indirect exporting, the exporter must dedicate more time, Personnel and Corporate Resources in developing and managing operations. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect exports CBS (Anon n.d.) 7.0 THE EXPORT STRATEGY International transactions that involve the exchange of product are home based international trade activities, such as global, sourcing, exporting and countertrade. Here we are concerned about exporting and its advantages and disadvantages available for the firm. For us to understand the advantages and disadvantages we will discuss a company in brief and talk about what benefits and drawbacks exporting provides. Vellus product. Inc, a small company in the USA that makes gloaming products such as customized shampoos, conditioners, brushing sprays and detangles. According to the Doherty(the president of the firm) shampoo for the people dont work well on pets because animals skin is more sensitive than humans and easily irritated. Vellus first export sales was to a Taiwanese importer who purchased $25,000 worth of products to sell at Taiwan toy shows. The word was I started calls from people around world says president. Vellus has become quite familiar with the cultural aspects of various regions. Cavusgil et al (2008, p.381-382) 7.1 The exporting advantages available for Vellus Since Vellus is a small organization which has the potential to grow, exporting will increase its overall sales, improving market share and general profit margins that are often favorable than the domestic market. A good example in relation to Vellus, a Taiwanese importer who purchased $25,00 worth of products and many knew the product and the demand for the product increased. Increase in demand results into growth in market share which would later increase sales volume. Building up on the above advantage would add on to say increase in market share and demand would mean Vellus producing on a a large scale hence increasing economies of scale and reducing cost per unit of manufacturing. Exporting will diversify customer base, reducing dependency on home markets. To date, Vellus has exported its products to Australia, Canada, China, England, Norway and South Africa roughly half of its revenues come from exporting. From this we can say Vellus has diversified customer base in different countries and has also reduced its dependency on domestic market as half of its revenue has come from foreign markets. Exporting also stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic circles or seasonality demand. For example Vellus can offset declining demands at home due to economic recessions or unforeseen environmental factors by refocusing efforts to other countries doing good in their economy. If Vellus faces high risk in foreign markets such as foreign currency fluctuations, unstable political environment into what is happening in the Ireland now where the economy has taken its turn to the worst, or decrease in demand for its product it can withdraw from the market. Exporting minimize flexibility and maximize risk. Since Vellus does not require a physical presence when pursuing an export strategy in foreign markets there is a lower cost of entry. Vellus can use exporting to test new markets before committing great resources through foreign direct investment. 7.2 The drawbacks of exporting Since exporting does not require a firm to have physical presence in a foreign market (in contrast FDI) , Vellus has fewer opportunities to learn about customers, competitors and other unique aspects of the market. Although Vellus has acquired information about some cultural aspects in some markets it may lack the full details which can be important in decision making. Having general knowledge of the target would prove dangerous as significant aspects such as what drives customers specific demand, however do our customers look at our competition and what policies government is pursuing. Exporting requires the firm to inquire capabilities and dedicate organizational resources to properly conduct export transaction. For small firms like Vellus limited resources can limit the way would conduct the export strategy. Exporting requires management to put more time and effort to learn about freight for forwarders, documentation, foreign currencies and new financing methods. The acquisition of such capabilities can put a strain on small businesses like Vellus who might not have the required resources and competencies to meet them. Compared to other entry strategies exporting is much more sensitive to tariff and other trade barriers as well as fluctuations in exchange rates. Into trade barriers Vellus might find it difficult to export to European markets due to unfavorable conditions( barriers) that apply if you are not in Europe or a member of the European union(EU). In relation to the exchange rate we will give an example: the US dollar gained 12% against the Euro and 15% against the Yen. This led to a slow growth of US exports harming those firms that rely heavily on exporting for generating international sales. Exporters run the risk of being priced out of foreign markets. Cavusgil et al (2008, p.389-391) 8.0 CONCLUSION The role of small medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in exporting is growing. In the United States SMEs have less than 500 employees although in Europe and elsewhere where firms may have fewer than 500 employees to qualify SMEs. Many governments have undertaken aggressive campaigns to help SMEs to become exporters. The world bank assists SMEs to develop their business skills. SMEs do not require large export markets they mainly carter for niches. Exporting in general has risen in recent years because its seen as a less risky and most flexible entry strategy.

Huck Finn And Racism Essay -- essays research papers

In the book, Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the main character Huck, is able to look past conformist and the effects of his environment. Huck was born into a society that was supposed to hate black people. Huck was able to see good in a ‘nigger’ , and further a healthy relationship with his slave, Jim. Huck is a very strong and smart person, although he isn’t learned, and can act ignorant from time to time. Mark Twain, many times makes Huck look like a non-admirable person, when Twain does this it degrades him and Huck. Twain did this because he was afraid of the social critics in his day. Huck was a good person despite what the ending of the book may have appeared him to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck is a walking contradiction to the belief of environmentalism. The definition for an environmentalist taken from Oxford states: “A person who considers that environment has the primary influence on the development if a person or group,';. Huck was taught that blacks were lower then whites, and should not be treated as equals, so according to this belief he should have hated blacks, but he didn’t. Huck was too smart and open minded for the belief of white supremacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck has had positive interactions with blacks, and has taken a liking to the slave Jim, who he helped to free, to go with him on his wild adventure. Huck never had very much schooling. This is one of the reasons he is so smar...

Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay -- Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Es

Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist The novel Oliver Twist is a criticism of the cruelty that children and poor people suffered at the hands of 19th century society. It was Dickens first novel written under his own name when he was 24 years old and in it he already reveals his sharp, but comic comments and criticism. From the start Dickens makes it clear to the reader that poor people and the children of poor people; most especially a baby born illegitimately; were of no consequence in the 1900s. The first person narrator feels he need not â€Å"trouble† himself â€Å"as it can be of no possible consequence† to tell us the place or date of Oliver’s birth. This concept is further revealed when he refers to Oliver as an â€Å"item of mortality† and then later on in the chapter â€Å"it†. The child deserves no name as he is not a legitimate member of society so he has no place or importance: he starts life at the bottom of the Victorian food chain. By having the narrator address Oliver as a â€Å"it† instead of a â€Å"him† Oliver is dehumanised and so Dickens draws this to our attention. Born into â€Å"this world or sorrow and trouble† our narrator seems to believe that Oliver’s chance of survival are extremely slim, so we are surprised when Dickens has him say; â€Å"it was the best thing for Oliver Twist that would by possibility have occurred† (being born in a workhouse), he also tells us the baby â€Å"lay gasping on a little flock mattress rather unequally poised between this world and the next†. All the odds are against Oliver yet this neglect saves him life! With amusing sarcasm Dickens suggests that if Oliver had been â€Å"surrounded by careful grandmothers, anxious aunts, experienced nurses and doctors of profound wisdom, he would most inevit... ...ses Oliver’s â€Å"solitary incarceration† he says enemies of the system claim that â€Å"Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society or the advantages of religious consolation† Dickens then defends this statement by sarcastically saying â€Å"as for exercise it was nice cold weather, and he was allowed to perform his ablutions every morning under the pump, in a stone yard, in the presence of Mr Bumble, who prevented his catching a cold and causes a tingling sensation to pervade his frame, by repeated applications of the cane† Dickens sarcastically addresses exercise as being beaten, a physical punishment for Oliver. Oliver is also abused mentally, at evening when the boys went to pray, Oliver was â€Å"kicked into the same apartment every evening† and there he listend to the other boys â€Å"ask god to guard them from the sins and vices of Oliver Twist†.

Beowulf vs. Modern Society :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf vs. Modern Society Are there any similarities between life in modern America and the world of Beowulf? Is it possible for such a technology oriented world such as ours to have anything in common with a world which had not even heard of electricity? Has this technology really separated us from prior civilizations? Is our thinking today any different from the thinking of ancient cultures? Although it may not seem to be true, there are actually many similarities between our world and that of Beowulf’s. These similarities are readily seen in all forms of media and entertainment, as well as noted sources of culture such as music and movies. If the similarity between the two cultures is accepted, it will not be hard to comprehend Beowulf. The first and most notable similarity is drinking. King Hrothgar built a giant mead-hall, namely Heorot, to accommodate his celebrations. Throughout Beowulf it can be seen that celebrations of any kind are always accompanied by drinking. Drinking is just present today as it was thousands of years ago. People today always include drinking in their celebrations, whether it be a birthday, anniversary, or marriage. Heorot is nothing more than a tremendous bar. The festivities of the warriors in Beowulf’s time can be seen every night in any local bar or pub. Another similarity of course is violence. Violence is obviously present in Beowulf’s world. The determinant of status holds its roots in violence. The only way for a warrior to prove himself is through battle, or violence. Specifically this can be seen through the character, Unferth. He was not respected as a warrior due to his inability to win battles. He tried to find faults in Beowulf to raise his own ego. The disrespect given to this man was due to his unsuccessfulness in violent engagements. Modern violence is present all around us. No matter which way one turns, violence will be there to greet him. Whether it be on the street, in school, or even at home, violence cannot be avoided. The presence of this violence in society leads to stress. This stress is to a large extent the cause of the similarity mentioned earlier, namely drinking. Anyone from the local bully to a armed robber can be representatives of modern violence. Although it is present in everyday life, this violence can be seen easier in any form of media.

Life Cycle of Bacteriophage

Life Cycle of Bacteriophage. Bacteriophage: Bacteria eating virus is called bacteriophage. Life Cycles: There are 2 types of lifecycles that occur in the bacteriophage: 1) Lytic Cycle 2) Lysogenic Cycle 1) Lytic Cycle: In lytic cycle, virus that is the bacteriophage causes lysis of the host cell. It is virulent phage. 2) Lysogenic Cycle: In lysogenic cycle, the bacteriophage does not cause lysis of host’s cell. It is avirulent phage. Lytic Cycle. Landing, Penetration and AttachmentTo infect a cell, a virus must first enter the cell through the plasma membrane and (if present) the cell wall. Viruses do so by either attaching to a receptor on the cell's surface or by simple mechanical force using tail fibers. Attachment is done with the help of receptors. Control The virus then releases its genetic material (either single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) into the cell. In doing this, the cell is infected and can also be targeted by the immune system. This relation is called maste r-slave relation.Biosynthesis The virus' nucleic acid uses the host cell’s machinery to make large amounts of viral components. For DNA viruses, the DNA transcribes itself into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules which are afterwards used to control the cell's ribosomes. The first polypeptides that are translated destroy the host's DNA. In retroviruses , an enzyme called reverse transcriptase translates the viral RNA into DNA, which is then translated again into RNA. Assembly New viruses are formed by the assembly of the different parts of the virus.After approximately 25 minutes, 200 new viruses are formed. Release Bacterial cell burst and the newly formed viruses are released from the host cell. Now, they are ready to attack new bacteria. Lysogenic Cycle. Landing The first step of lysogenic cycle is landing of the virus on the host’s cell. This is done by tail fibers. Attachment It is done with the help of receptors present on the surface of the bacterial cell wall. Penet ration For the penetration the tail fibers of the bacteriophage secrete special enzymes for the lysis of bacterial cell wall called, â€Å"lysozyme. Then by the contraction of tail fibers and sheath viral DNA is injected into bacterial cell. Incorporation Viral DNA after penetration becomes incorporated (inserted) into bacterial DNA. This state is called prophage and this relation is called â€Å"host-guest† relation. Bacterial Division Bacteria divides and the daughter bacterial cell receives the viral DNA. These bacterial cells having viral DNA are resistant to viral attack. Induction During lysogenic cycle when viral DNA detaches from bacterial DNA, and take control over bacterial DNA. Now, lytic cycle begins.

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CURRICULUM VITAE GURPREET BANHAL E-mail: [email  protected] co. in H. NO. 665/19 Contact No. 01874-4694621 R. R COLONY GALI NO. 4 (M) : +91 8109192849 GURDASPUR (PUNJAB) CAREER OBJECTIVE: Seeking a position to utilize my skills and abilities in the Industry to achieve success and honors’ in my profession. WORKING EXPERIENCE: – JAMNA AUTO INDUSTRIES LTD. GWALIOR FROM (01AUG 2009 TO TILL DATE. ) EON INFOTECH LTD. CHANDIGARH FROM (24 MARCH 2008 TO 31JULY2009. ) Advance Diploma CADD ENGINEERING. From cdac mohali (CHANDIGARH). 2% (1 AUGUST2007 TO 31JANUARY 2008) ANAND NISHIKAWA CO. LTD (06 NOV2006 TO 31 JULY 2007) JAMNA AUTO INDUSTRIES LIMITED MALANPUR GWALIOR DESIGNATION:- ENGINEER(PRODUCT DESIGN) An ISO: 9002 & QS-9000 Certified Company in Design Collaboration with NHK Springs Ltd. , Japan Involved in Designing & Manufacturing of Automobile springs. JAI has tied up with Ridewell_Corporation of USA to manufacture Air Suspension, Bogie Suspension and Lift Axles in India. R idewell has more than 42 patents for various suspension products and is considered a leader in this field. Our Clients:-Indian clients; Export clients:- Tata Motors,Volvo asia Ashok Leyland, Nissan diesel(UD TRUCK) Maruti Suzuki, John-R (USA) Mahindra & Mahindra, AUTOMANN (USA) AMW, Navistar international truck corp. (USA) Eicher Motors, GAFFAR ,JORDAN Swaraj Mazda, etc. Hendrickson (USA), etc. Key Responsibilities: ? PRODUCT DESIGN OF PARABOLIC/CONVENTIONAL SPRINGS AT UNLADEN LOAD, RATED LOAD IN CATIAV5R19 ?PRODUCT COSTING, PRODUCT DESIGN, FEASIBILITY, COMPONENT COSTING, CUT WEIGHT COSTING OF STEEL USED. ? LOAD RATE CALCULATION, FATIGUE TESTING OF SPRING, RELIABILITY ENGINEERING , Durability / Fatigue / Life estimation . Design of test rigs and development of test plans . ? Analyzing the technical requirements and specifications for recommending design modifications of Assy. And components based on client requirements. ? Preparation of technical documentation, describing the specif ications/usage of products like, APQP, FMEA CONTROL PLAN, Feasibility report, ECN, , PFC ,TOOL DRAWING,GUAGES DRAWING,FIXTURE DRAWING etc. INVOLVE IN PPAP TRAILS, TOOL & DIE TRAILS, 5S maintaining ,REVERSE ENGINEERING OF parabolic spring/leaf spring. FIXTURE DESIGN,PLANT LAYOUT OF SHOP FLOOR, ? Designing through 3-D CAD model , Detailing / GD&T. ? Preparation of engineering drawings, PRODUCT DRAWING, ASSEMBLY DRAWING through AutoCAD2007, CATIAV5R19. ? Participating in project review meetings for tracking project progress & planning, etc. ? Identifying modification & their root causes to review product improvement. ? Preparing the Process drawing, component drawing TOOLING DESIGN IN CATIAV5R19. Adequate Knowledge of different SAP module, Creating BOM, Routing. ? FATIGUE TESTING OF LEAF SPRING/PARABOLIC SPRING ON SERVO ACTUATOR as per DVP. Project Handled: VA/VALUE ENGINEERING OF Parabolic Leaf Spring for INDIAN Clients TATA, ASHOK LEYLAND. – JOB PROFILE IN EON INFOTECH LIMITED MOHALI. (March24,2008 to31 july2009) ? Making 2D and 3d models , generating different views of drawings ? Product design & development of new component. ? Making assembly of chassis, exploded view. ? Prototype development, making bom, component development. ? Installation of ctu project handled. Follow up with vendors for new product design. ? PRODUCT COSTING OF CHASIS. CUT WT. CALCULATION ? Sheet metal component design for various pcb holding. ? JOB PROFILE IN ANCO :-(NOV 2006 TO 31JULY2007) ? â€Å"ANAND NISHIKAWA CO. LTD. †LALRU, CHANDIGARH (PUNJAB) in engineering department. The plant at this location deals with the production of ‘Rubber Seals’, DOOR RUBBER, WIND SHEILD, TRIM being used for automobile industry & having TS16949 certification. There my job responsibilities were : ? PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF PVC TRIM, DOOR TRIM . ? Die trials and rectification of Dies and keeping process data records. Responsible for daily work management. ? Responsible for contro l of process as per specifications/control plans and work instructions. ? To maintain work discipline and ensure harmony within the department by building team to obtain optimum results. ? To strive and achieve lower production cost. ? Deployment & full utilization of manpower in production. ? Handling shop floor activities and implementing effective techniques to bring efficiency in operations to improve quality standards & achieve maximum cost savings CADD SKILLS ? AutoCAD: – 2D, 3D Part Modeling, Dimensioning and Layout. Mechanical Designer: – 2D, 3D Part Modeling, Dimensioning and Layout. ? Autodesk Inventor: – 2D, 3D Part Modeling, Dimensioning and Layout. ? Pro-e3. 0 :- Sketch, part & assembly design, interactive & generative drafting ? CatiaV5R19 :- Part Design, Surface, Assembling Design, Generative Drafting, sheet metal design. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: Advance Diploma in CAD ENGINEERING. From cdac mohali (CHANDIGARH). BTECH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING F ROM B. C. E. T GURDASPUR SENIOR SECONDARY(NON-MEDICAL) FROM KVT GURDASPUR (CBSE BOARD) HIGHER SECONDARY FROM KVT GURDASPUR (CBSE BOARD)Eon InfoTech Limited is a technology company headquartered in the Northern Indian city of Chandigarh. Founded in 1997 by a team of first-generation entrepreneurs, it is today a 75-plus (and growing) tech team dedicated to providing cutting-edge Embedded, Networking and Information Technology Solutions to its clients. We specialize in delivering World Class Embedded software-based and VLSI design solutions. To this end, Eon owns a number of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Role: Design Engineer Project Details handled in eon infotech limited. Project:Kavach Software’s used:Auto-cad,Duration: Completed Client: Indian Navy, GCF Team Size 3 Description: Kavach is a soft Kill antimissile system. In this project I design the †¢ Auxiliary console. †¢ Launcher interface unit. †¢ Power supply and communication unit. †¢ 19 inchesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ rack for full fitment of systems. Project:Gemini Software’s used:CATIAV5R19 Duration: 3 months Client: Indian Army Team Size 3 Description: Gemini is a counter RCIED system that is used to predestinate the RCIED’s. The equipment is mounted in 2. 5T vehicles.Project:ESS HOUSING Software’s used:AutoCAD, CATIAV5R19 Duration: 1 months Client: TBRL CHANDIGARH Team Size 2 Description: Ess an embeded security system is used as a communication module in agni 3. Project:VOYAGER BOX Software’s used:AutoCAD Duration: 2 months Client: CTU CHANDIGARH Team Size 1 Description: VOYAGER IS AN GPS/GPRS/GSM ENABLED BOX FOR THE BUS TRACKING SYSTEM. ACHIEVEMENTS & EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES: ? Participate in youth parliament & project during school time. Participated in college & school level debates, GDs & various other competition. ? Stood first in Inter college Folk dance competition INDUSTRIAL TRAINING: †¢ Two months training in Northern Railways Mechanical Workshop AMRITSAR. †¢ Six month industrial training in BHUSHAN STEELS LTD. CHANDIGARH †¢ Project undertaken during training (To check the rejection against the total number of tubes manufactured) . ? Retrofitting and performance analysis of household refrigerator with CARE-30 AS refrigerant PERSONAL PROFILE: Name : Gurpreet Banhal .Father's Name : Sh. B. R banhal. Mother's Name : Smt. Amarjeet Kaur. Nationality : Indian. Date of Birth : 27th, august 1985. Hobbies : GYM, Playing cricket, listening music, net surfing etc. Languages Known : English, Hindi & Punjabi. passport no. : g0702016 Place : GWALIOR ( Gurpreet Banhal ).

Desiderius Erasmus Essay

Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (27 October 1466 – 12 July 1 536), known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. He was most widely known for his critical and satirical writings. He attempted to reform the Church and because of that, was prosecuted by many people. I am going to consider for and against his deeds and make my own Judgement. Most of the opinions differ. Erasmus became humanist because of his education and morality. He was an intelligent and strong- minded person. He travelled a lot, so that he became a European scholar with huge knowledge of classical literature. Erasmus believed that education could change the world and I strongly agree with him. In his work â€Å"Adages† (1500) he aimed to make classical learning opened to a public and more than 800 sayings in Latin and Greek were explained, which means that he really tried to achieve the goal of reflecting every aspect of the Christian humanism. Later, he created â€Å"New Testament in Greek† (1 516), which was the first ork available in Greek, not in Latin, with lots of notes and explanations, in cosequence of, all public got a great opportunity to access this testament and become more educated. He lived as a devout Christian, but was concerned with the corruption that had spread through the religious positions of the Church. However, Erasmus believed that religious revolt led directly to anarchy; therefore he took the side of neither the Pope, nor the reform radical, Martin Luther. In all his criticism of clerical follies and abuses, he had always carefully hedged himself about with protests, that he was not attacking church institutions themselves and had no enmity toward the persons of churchmen. The world had laughed at his satire, but only a few obstinate eactionaries had seriously interfered with his activities. He had a right to believe that his work so far had commended itself to the best minds and also to the dominant powers in the religious world. His criticism of the Church was therefore heard throughout Europe. He preferred reasoning to bloodshed, unlike many others of his time. While he did not criticize the Church as much as Luther had, he did call for an end to the corruption that had seeped to the core of the Church. However, it is thought that Erasmus tried to undermine the Church, destroy its form. Again, in those â€Å"Praise of Folly’ he argued with popes who claimed to be the Christ representatives on earth: ‘Practically no class of man lives so comfortably with fewer cases; for they believe they do quite enough for Christ if they play their part†¦ y means of every kind of ceremonial and display†¦ for them it is out of fashion to pertorm miracles, teaching the people is too much like nard work†¦ and praying is a waste of time’. Without formally speaking out against the Pope, Erasmus implies that the Pope put on a facade as an all-knowing, all-powerful mortal. He states here that the Pope has no true knowledge as to what God expects from his worsh ipers. He cannot believe that these lucky scientists find people to believe them’. With this last statement, he calls to the people of the Church to not accept everything that is told to them from corrupt authority fgures. He gives an attack on the standarts of the members of the Church. Also, in his second edition of the â€Å"New Testament in Greek† he weakened the Church because he undermined the authority of it by criticising texts on which it relied. Finally, I came to conclusion that Erasmus and other Christiam humanists attempted to reform the Church by calling to the return to the simplicity of the first Christians. They tried to stop the corruption. Erasmus tried to broaden and clear the minds of people. In his â€Å"Freedom of the Will† (1524) he stated that humankind could choose his own density. So, he did not want to undermine the Church completely but make it easier to understand. He changed the education bases. From the â€Å"Handbook of a Christian soldier† (1 503): ‘Charity does not consist in many visits to churches, bowing own in front of statues of saints, in the lighting of candels or repeating set prayers. Of these things God has no need. Charity is to love your neighboor’. In my personal opinion, Erasmus was a great man. He reasoned while others fought. He was courageous in his criticism of the Church. He was a pacifist and a man of tolerance. He was disdainful of cardinals who were too much involved with making money and concerns of the world. Erasmus has Just fighted for his views of life, not paying attention on his enemies. Bibliography: â€Å"AQA History AS† https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus#Early_life https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular

Vacant Chapter 8 Celebrate

â€Å"Happy anniversary!† Emily yells at me as I exit the bathroom having just completed my morning ritual. She'd be disgusted if she knew everything it entailed, not to mention the full coverage robe I was supposed to buy, which means Emily still walks around in tiny towels. Of course, I spend extra time in the shower stroking out my morning wood so that I'm able to have some semblance of decency the rest of the day. Walking around with an Emily induced boner would certainly make our situation uncomfortable. While the topic of dating and relationships hasn't been broached since January, that doesn't mean it has gone away. Instead, it's been the elephant in the room for eight long months. â€Å"Is there an anniversary song?† Emily asks jokingly. â€Å"There's one for birthdays.† She starts singing Happy Birthday, replacing â€Å"birthday† with â€Å"anniversary.† I can't help but smile given the joy the woman before me holds for the simplest of things. â€Å"It's two years today, Ethan; two years ago you came over and opened my window, two years since you recognized I was alone and in need. Two years ago you opened your home and heart to a perfect stranger.† When she says heart quieter than the rest, mine skips a beat. Her voice wavers at the end of her speech, indicating tears are about to follow. I reach out to her, pull her into me, and hold her tightly as she surrenders to the sadness. This is the only touch I'm allowed – the only appropriate embrace. Looking in the mirror, I see a man whose extraordinarily proud. While I may not be the mama bird watching her baby bird fly from the nest, there is still pride deep in my chest. Emily graduates today from high school. It's an accomplishment, which given the circumstances, is astounding. Today is special, and it's the first time I've ever worn a tie, so I check it one last time. My tie isn't the only surprise I have for Emily today. I purchased my very first car this morning, and I plan to drive Emily to her graduation in a 1998 Toyota Corolla. It belonged to Margie, my boss, but her husband bought her a new one. He sold me the Corolla with 160,000 miles at an unreasonably low price. I'd say he was giving me a bit of charity, but no matter, it's mine. Mine and Emily's. â€Å"Get-out!† Emily shouts moments later as she looks at the champagne colored car parked on the street and then back at me. Her mouth is hanging open, unsure of what to say. â€Å"Come on; get in. We have a graduation to get to.† â€Å"Your brother is way hot,† I hear the blonde say. Emily doesn't respond, but another high-pitched voice does. â€Å"That's not her brother, you clueless bitch.† Emily told me about this once, where females call each other names as terms of endearment, but I don't get it. If one of the guys at the store called me a bastard or asshole, I'd punch his face, endearment aside. â€Å"Gretchen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hear Emily plead. â€Å"Please don't.† â€Å"What? He's not – which, of course begs the question, why aren't you bangin' his brains out, little Emily Evans?† Truth be told, I want to know Emily's response. It's not like I haven't thought about it a thousand times, but I'm curious to know if she thinks about it too. â€Å"I have to – † then I hear footsteps rapidly retreating. I decide to make myself known and walk out of the hallway where I've been hiding since the conversation seems to be over. â€Å"Hey, Ethan, you just missed Emily.† The blonde motions down the hall in the direction Emily went. I follow. The sound hits me immediately as I near a classroom with an open door. Thankfully, it's a sound I haven't heard for a while, but hearing it now cuts me like a hot knife through cold butter. â€Å"Emily?† I call to her as I enter the nearly empty room. The desks and chairs are stacked, waiting patiently for another round of students in the fall. Emily looks up, red-faced and glassy-eyed. She regards me for a moment, then bursts into another round of sobs. For a second, I think about how ugly crying is. I think Emily is beautiful, but the way her face contorts†¦ it's just so unattractive. This crying mess in front of me doesn't look like Emily at all. Then the few remaining scraps of humanity I think I have left kick in, and those superficial and negative thoughts float away. All I'm seeing now is my Emily in pain – and I want to make it stop. I go to her as fast as my legs can carry me and take her in my arms, holding her close. We've only embraced a few times, but for me, it's special every time. After several minutes, Emily has calmed and she raises her head to look at me. Her eyes are clear now, and as she gazes into my eyes, I think about how beautiful she is. It's all I can do not to place my lips over hers. We're so close that just a few inches forward would connect us. I want her so much sometimes it's hurts. But that's not meant to be, and my sinful thoughts have to remain hidden. â€Å"Ethan, I have to tell you something. Well, ask you something, really. I mean I'm going to tell you something, but then I'm going to – † I cut her off by placing my hand gently over her mouth. She rambles when she's nervous, plus my hand will keep me from kissing her. â€Å"Deep breath,† I coach her and myself. After a few relaxing sighs, I encourage her to start again. â€Å"You can tell me anything, Emily. I'm here for you. You can trust me.† But never in a million years would I expect what she says next. â€Å"Ethan, I love you.†

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Jurisprudence Essay Example for Free

Jurisprudence Essay The term jurisprudence has been used in very different senses. Originally it meant the science of Right. Afterwards it was used to mean knowledge of the principles of law, or skill in its practice. In the institutes of Justinian Jurisprudence is define d to be the knowledge of what is just and unjust. Upon the revival of learning in Europe in the sixteenth century, jurisprudence was used to signify the knowledge of the Roman law. The term has also been used in a sense borrowed from the French to imply a collection of the principles belonging to particular branches of law – thus, Equity Jurisprudence, Maritime Jurisprudence. The term has also been used to signify the whole body of the law of a State—thus, the Jurisprudence of England. The classification of laws has never yet been adopted upon the grand scale demanded by Jurisprudence. If a system of the Law were correctly framed, and if codes of laws were drafted of one true principle by all civilized nations, the language of each race would serve as a glossary by which all systems of positive law might be explained; whilst the matter in each code would afford a test and standard by which all might be tried. By law is here understood positive law—that is, the law existing by position, or, the law of human enactment. Jurisprudence is the science of positive laws, and, as such, is the theory of those duties which are capable of being enforced by the public authority. Jurisprudence, so treated, may take its place as one of those inductive sciences in which, by the observation of the facts and use of reason, systems of doctrine have been established which are universally received as truths among thoughtful men. But Jurisprudence in its in its investigation of the origin, principles, and development of law, obviously furnishes rules which teach men to acknowledge and select good laws, to shun evil laws, and to practice the existing laws and apply them skillfully. Hence, Jurisprudence is not only the Science of Positive Laws but is also the Art of Legislation and the practice of Advocacy. A Jurist may state principles of law in his study, enact laws in the senate, or advocate rights in his forum (Heron, 2001). Jerome and West contribution  The American Legal Realists exhibited many and diverse, not always compatible, attitudes towards the possibilities of exploring the future, even while making important contributions to needed theory and procedures. Thus Jerome Frank was a leader in deriding the possibilities of predicting official behaviour by the application of traditional legal rules and was most skeptical of the potentialities of reliable prediction by any means; yet he made uniquely significant contribution by drawing upon many psychologies to demonstrate the importance of predispositional factors (the subjectivities of decision makers) in affecting all decision. The insistence of the Realists, already described, that technical legal rules be related to categories of events in community process that raise comparable policy problems has tremendously increases the possibilities of achieving comprehensive and precise description of relevant past trends in decision and value consequences (Lasswell McDougal, 1992). Jerome Frank has set out in his well known work†¦ to analyze the law from a psychoanalytical point of view. In the traditional teaching and presentation of the law Frank discerns a desire for certainty which he likens to the infant’s craving for infallible authority (father complex). Lawyers in general, and judges in particular, have clung to the myth of legal certainty, by establishing fictitious system of precedents, hiding before themselves and others the fact that every case is unique and requires creative decisions. A similar myth surrounds the activities of juries. Analytical jurisprudence expresses this child like desire for certainty and stability. Frank’s own ideal is the â€Å"the completely adult lawyer† (Marke, 1995). Although Gray joins Holmes as one of the two great Jurisprudential heroes for Jerome Frank, Karl Llewellyn, and the other legal realists, he is much more than that ; he is a kind of American John Austin, but one whose analytical Jurisprudence does not act as if legal concept originated and developed outside legal history. He represents the positivistic branch of the American pragmatic legal tradition. He is closer to Austin than Holmes, than but not as influenced as Holmes— or John Dewey— by historical jurisprudence, or the evolutionary controversy, or the increasing respect philosophers paid to the very idea of historical development( Gray,1999). Jerome was heavily critical of the work of Christopher Columbus Langdell, the American legal academic whose is best known for introducing the ‘case method’ of teaching law into American law Schools. Langdell viewed law as a science, which could be practiced very simply by applying legal rules mechanically to specific cases recorded in the law reports. Langdell’s method rested heavily on the positivistic notion that law resided solely in the reports of decided cases or in statutes. Jerome criticized this arguing that Langdellian legal science had very little to do with law, because it overlooked such things as the lawyer-client relationship and the rule of the jury. He argued that Langdell’s attitude towards law was typical of what he termed ‘the basic legal myth’; lawyers promote the myth that legal rules can be applied in a mechanical way because they, like all human beings, are constantly looking for certainty. The purpose of Realism, on the other hand, was to expose this myth. This concern with what Frank saw as law in action, rather than with the ‘legal myth’ of the law in the books, was typical of the concerns expressed by members of the legal realist movement. The contradiction which can be found in the work of not only of Jerome, but also of another American Legal Realists, is a serious flaw. However, American Legal Realism, with it emphasis on ‘law in action’ rather than ‘law in the books’ had a positive contribution to make to the development of Jurisprudence(Cownie, Bradney Burton, 2007). While some sought a stable referent, others, such as Mackinnon and Matsuda, sought to refashion old tools to serve new purposes. The equal protection clause of the American constitution seemed a promising candidate, and the Jurisprudence of antisubordination was born. West, Kennedy, Mackinnon and Matsuda are united in the belief that outsiders will not find freedom, justice, or equality in the law as it is. They insisted that law’s empire is defined not by attitude, but by what really happens (and what does not happen). Inequality†¦is not a bad attitude that floats in the sky but an embodied particular that walks on the ground. † An attitude of equal concern, one might say, can very easily leave unaltered the â€Å"embodied particulars† that constitute the reality of inequality as opposed to the theory (Berns, 1993). By promoting the idea that rights are crucial for the protection of individual autonomy, Robin West argues, liberal jurisprudence fails adequately to represent more identifiably ‘feminine’ values such as intimacy and care. Liberal jurisprudence is essentially masculine jurisprudence, in other words, because it prioritizes the distinctively male ethic of justice or rights. Robin West claims, ‘it is nevertheless an institution within which we work from a position of relative disempowerment. ’ For feminist legal theorists, this sense of marginalization is attributable primarily to the fact that critical legal studies, like liberal jurisprudence, fails sufficiently to take into account women’s experience, values and concerns (Duxbury, 1997). In 1988, Robin West began her well known-article â€Å"Jurisprudence and Gender† by asking WHAT IS A HUMAN BEING? â€Å"What is a human being? Legal Theorist must, perforce, answer this question: jurisprudence, after all, is about human beings. † Robin West. She concluded that women are not human beings insofar as legal theory is concerned. Her question, and the contribution of feminist theory to answer, forms a central theme to this work. If the definition of a human being is central to jurisprudence, it is vital to uncover whether that definition adequately encompasses all human beings. Western conceptions of human beings have been inadequate in that they have failed to encompass all human beings. In some instances this is because of the inherent constitution of the definition, while in others, the problem arises from the way theories have been misinterpreted (Marshall, 2005). Towards a Fist Amendment Jurisprudence of Respect. Robin comments that Goerge Fletcher’s recent article helps us see that those understandings, in turn, rest on two different conceptions of what he labels our senses of â€Å"constitutional identity. Although it is largely undefined by Fletcher, we might take his phrase â€Å"constitutional identity to refer† to refer to that aspect of our collective and individual self-conception which we owe to our shared constitutional heritage, and which at least on occasion determines outcomes in close constitutional heritage, and which at least on occasion determines outcomes in close constitutional cases in ways that â€Å"overarching principles of political morality† do not. The two understanding of our constitution identity that seem to bolster these conflicting accounts of the constitutional status of hate speech regulations might be called, however unimaginatively, the liberal and the progressive paradigm. Both the liberal and unquestionably dominant account of free speech and the correlative liberal arguments against the constitutionality of hate speech regulations are deeply familiar. Both were recently affirmed by the Supreme Court, and both are eloquently spelled out in Fletcher’s article. Like prayer in earlier times, expression of our innermost selves is a vital means of self fulfillment, and hence it is itself a moral act of high order. We each bare our individual, our innermost souls when we express ourselves. And, because we value individual souls, we protect and value our speech, whatever its context or side effects. We protect expression today for essentially the same reason we once protected religion—namely, the constitutive role of expressive religion in earlier times, and expressive speech today, in the development of the individual’s personality(West,1994). Relevance of Jurisprudence The broad division of jurisprudential inquiry indicates that jurisprudence covers a wide area of study, dealing with a variety of issues and topics, as well as touching on a whole range of other subjects and disciplines. The unifying element in all these aspects of the study, however, is that, in every case, the main question that is being investigated and to which an answer is being sought is, briefly, ‘what is law? ’ According to Chinhengo (2000), essentially, all jurists are seeking to explain the incidence, existence and consequence of law as a social phenomenon. Consequently, general questions to be answered are concerned with such matters as the following: †¢ the origin and sources of law generally and/or in specific societies; the historical development of law in general and the emergence and evolution of specific legal systems, traditions and practices; †¢ the meaning of specific legal concepts and the construction of various legal structures and processes; †¢ the link between law and other social phenomena, such as political ideologies, economic interests, social classes, and moral and religious conventions; †¢ the operation of the law as a mode of social control and the effects that it has on the persons to whom it applies, in terms of justice as well as social, economic and political developments. This interdisciplinary quality of jurisprudence has meant that a student of the subject has to touch on matters that would normally belong to such diverse other disciplines as philosophy, economic theory, sociology, anthropology, history, theology, and even geography. Within all these other areas of study are to be found the munitions of the jurists, who uses the conclusions and insights of scholars studying in such areas to explain law as a social phenomenon, and applies the methodology of these other modes of enquiry to further the understanding of particular legal concepts. In conclusion Jurisprudence, as a subject in many law school curricula, is intended to provide the law student with a device by which he can ground his or her academic knowledge of the black-letter of the law to the reality of the social context in which the legal rules, structure and processes actually occur and operate. The idea, then, is to link the wealth of legal concepts, rules, statutes, precedents, structures, and processes, which one has imbibed haphazardly over a period of time, to the systematic theoretical and sociological insights about the role and place of law in society which jurisprudence seeks to provide (Chinhengo, 2000).