Labour Process Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Labour Process Theory - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Labour Process Theory (LBT) is a concept that proposes the practices undertaken by the management to control the workforce within the organizational environment and ensure utmost productivity. It is believed that from the past few decades, LPT has been a core subject of the Critical Management Studies (CMS) that was formed by Harry Braverman in the year 1970 using the ideas developed by Karl Marx. Since its introduction in the stream of modern management ideologies, LPT has delivered huge contribution in analyzing the work performed within the organization, as per the desired level of productivity and hence, creating a work organization. LPT was created following the ideologies of Marx that suggest the fundamental aspect for comprehending the work organization is based upon the structure of the community within which the organization is functioning instead of human psychology. LPT primarily emphasizes on how individuals work in an orga nization, what/who controls the work done by these individuals, what are the skills used by these individuals when carrying out their work and in what ways are those individuals remunerated for the work they have done. LBT has been successful in creating a linkage with the management strategy of an organization through its involvement and set of assumptions. LPT provides an understanding regarding how the management of an organization limits the power of the working class who have the skills to carry out the given task. LPT is a conceptual approach that has been in use, as per the capitalist method of production that provides a deep insight into worker-management relations in the workplace. Considering its applicability, it is also perceived that LPT causes serious insights in today’s world of work, management control issues and political aspects in the workplace. In relation to the capitalists approach used in LPT, managerial control in the workplace has been a highly debate d topic.

Making Singapore An Inclusive Society

Making Singapore An Inclusive Society Inclusion is an international agenda. It is practiced in both developed and developing countries in the world. In wealthy developed countries (eg United States, Australia) large body of research has highlighted the benefits of inclusion for all students. Inclusion in many developing countries has provided educational alternative for as many children as possible (Lim, L. Tan, J. 2007). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasizes educational opportunities for the worlds children. It provides that children have a right to education (Art. 28) and children with any kind of disability should have special care and support so that they can lead full and independent lives (Art. 23). The Convention was adopted by Singapore on 2 October 1995 (MCYS, 2003). Making Singapore an Inclusive Society Singapore Prime Minister Lee in his maiden 2004 National Day Rally speech clearly stated the intention of his government to build an inclusive society and envisioned Singapore as a place for its people who can contribute and care for one another as one people and one nation regardless of race, religion and background (Lee, 2004). The following month PM Lee called for more efforts to integrate people with disabilities into mainstream society beginning with the integration of students with disabilities into mainstream schools (Teo, 2004 cited by Lim, Thaver Slee, 2008). The Prime Minister continued his promise of building an inclusive society in his second National Day rally speech 2005 and called on everyone to play a part in remaking Singapore as a vibrant, global city that can be proudly called home (Lee, 2005). He also emphasised a first-class education for all (Lee, 2005). Since PM Lees announcements, other ministries supported his vision of a new government by making commitments to make Singapore an inclusive society. Listed below are ministerial speeches from the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and Ministry of Education (MOE) reiterating the ministrys support to make Singapore an inclusive society. 10 March 2005: Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, acting Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and Senior Minister of State for Trade Industry (MITI) in his speech on No one left behind defined an inclusive society as one giving people with disabilities more opportunities for gainful employment so that they were not excluded and could live like everyone else (Balakrishnan, 2005 point 33). 10 November 2005: Mr Gan Kim Yong, Minister of State for Education (MOE) in his speech on The School as a Caring Community at the International Conference on Inclusive Education affirmed the government support for children with special needs (Gan, 2005). 14 January 2006: Mr Gan Kim Yong, Minister of State, Ministry of Education (MOE) and Ministry of Manpower (MOM) as Guest of Honour presenting bursary awards at the Society for the Physically Disabled (SPD) informed that children with disabilities have been accepted into mainstream schools and disclosed that schools are improving their infrastructure so that their facilities are made accessible to students with physical disabilities (Gan, 2006). 26 June 2006: Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and 2nd Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA) gave a speech about an inclusive transport system making Singapore an Accessible City and announced the launch of wheelchair-accessible public buses (Balakrishnan, 2006 and LTA, 2006). 2 November 2006: At Singapores 11th parliament opening, President S. R. Nathan reiterated its pledge to build a competitive economy and an inclusive society which leaves no one behind (Nathan, 2006). 26 January 2008: Rear Admiral (NS) Lui Tuck Yew, Minister of State, Ministry of Education (MOE) in his speech at the SPD Education Programme Awards Presentation spoke on support for an inclusive school system through many helping hands approach, thus making Singapore a more gracious, compassionate and inclusive society (Lui, 2008 point 9). 20 October 2011: In his address at the opening of Singapores 12th Parliament President Tony Tan stressed the importance of achieving inclusive growth where there are opportunities for everyone (Tan, 2011). 20 October 2011: In the same Parliament seating, PM Lee again spoke of an inclusive society as one where everybody benefits from the progress of the nation, has a say, a stake and a sense of belonging that leaves (sic) no one behind (Lee, 2011 point 3-4). With regard to early education, PM Lee said that the government is focused on supporting good quality, affordable pre-school education (Lee, 2011 point 11) and early diagnosis and intervention for preschool children with learning difficulties (Lee, 2011 point 12). 8 November 2011: Mdm Halimah Yacob, Minister of State for Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) said that investments in early years education is important for social mobility and achieving inclusive growth. In the speech she outlined three areas of focus in subsidy grant for childcare placement, teacher quality and MCYS training to support implementation of the regulatory early years framework (Yacob, 2011). Singapore adopts the many helping hands approach involving families, communities and the government all playing their part towards an inclusive society (Tan, 2009). In the beginning, special education in Singapore developed haphazardly and was driven by voluntary organisations. Over time the government took over to play a coordinating and monitoring role (Tan, 2009) History of Special Education in Singapore The provision of special education dated back in the 1940s in post-war Singapore by organisations providing charitable services for people with physical and sensory disabilities. One of the earliest centres recorded in 1947 was Trafalgar Home for children with leprosy. The British Red Cross Society set up a home for crippled children in 1949 and included education for the deaf two years later. In 1956 the Association for the Blind set up a school. In the following year the Spastic Childrens Association was formed to focus on children with cerebral palsy. The Singapore Association for Retarded Children, later renamed Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore (MINDS) was formed in 1962. Special education in Singapore has since moved beyond physical and sensory disabilities to include intellectual disability (Quah, 2004 and Poon, Khaw Tan, 2007). The 1950s were turbulent times in the political history of Singapore. Besides the Voluntary Welfare Organizations (VWOs) hospitals also supported children with disability. In 1958 the Singapore Council of Social Services (SCSS) was set up to bring together all organisations and individuals with interest in community service and social welfare. In 1992 SCSS was restructured to become the National Council of Social Service (NCSS) (Tan, 2009). Until 1988 special education was operated by the VWOs and funded by NCSS. The governments stand was that special schools are best run by VWOs as VWOs had a strong sense of mission and their autonomy allowed them greater flexibility to respond quickly to needs and demands (Quah, 2004 and Poon, Khaw Tan, 2007). 1988 was a turning point when the Ministry of Education (MOE) partnered with NCSS in special education. MOE would provide land for schools and financial support at double the cost of educating a primary school student. With NCSS matching the financial contribution, total education cost would be four times the amount for a primary school student (Tan, 2009). Local teacher training in special education started in 1984 at the Institute of Education, presently known as the National Institute of Education (NIE) with a 3-year Certificate course in Special Education. When it was re-organised as NIE in 1991, it launched a 2-year Diploma in Special Education and in 2003, Masters programme in Special Education (Tan, 2009). MOE Support for Special Needs 20 May 2005: Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the Minister for Education announced the selection of a pioneer batch of 10 primary schools and 4 secondary schools to receive support for students with special needs with the appointment of Special Needs Officer (SNO) in 2006. By 2010 all primary schools will have a trained SNO to support students with dyslexia. 20 primary schools will get support for autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) with one to three SNOs and 32 secondary schools will also get one to three SNOs for either ASD or dyslexia or both (Shanmugaratnam, 2005). 2. 24 May 2007: According to MOE, SNOs provide additional support in the class and complement the class teachers who are already supporting students with dyslexia or ASD. (MOE, 2007a) 3. 24 May 2007: MOE stipulates the prerequisite qualification of SNOs. Some SNOs may have relevant working experience in working with children with special needs. Applications are also required to have good interpersonal skills and the passion to work with children with special needs. SNOs will undergo full-time Diploma course in Special Education conducted by the National Institute of Education (NIE). After their one year training with NIE, they will then be deployed to schools (MOE, 2007a). 16 November 2007 saw the inaugural Ministry Of Education-National Council of Social Service Special Education Awards to teachers and Special Education (SPED) schools in recognition of their contribution towards the education of children with special needs (MOE, 2007b). Since then the MOE-NCSS Special Education awards are given every year in November (MOE, 2008, 2009b, 2010b, 2011). 10 February 2009: MOE announced recruitment of Allied Educators (AEDs) who will partner teachers in providing specialised support in counselling, teaching and learning in special education. All AEDs will receive training at the National Institute of Education (NIE) which is fully sponsored (MOE, 2009a). As at January 2010, VWOs are running 20 special education (SPED) schools funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and the National Council of Social Service (NCSS). The SPED schools run different programmes to cater to specific disability groups of children (Tan, 2009). 10 March 2010: The MOE press release outlined its support to enhance quality of special education in terms of recognition, resources and curriculum (MOE, 2010a). MCYS Support for Special Needs The Ministry of Community, Youth and Sports (MCYS) has put in place support for children 6 years and below who have been diagnosed with developmental, intellectual, sensory or physical disabilities. The Early Intervention Programme for Infants and Children (EIPIC) provides therapy and educational support services to children with special needs. It enhances and maximises the developmental growth potential of these children and minimises the development of secondary disabilities. The programme equips them with fine/gross motor, cognitive, communication, social and self-help skills (MCYS, 2010). The Centre for Enabled Living (CEL) provides referrals by a medical doctor or psychologist to the government-aided EIPIC centres in Singapore for children up to 6 years with developmental, intellectual, sensory or physical disabilities (MCYS, 2010). Public awareness and media coverage Public awareness grew over the years and there have been extensive media coverage, reports, stories and the airing of public views about people with disabilities or special needs. Public awareness is important in changing mind-sets thus promoting an inclusive society. Listed below are titles carried in the local newspapers during 2008 and 2009. Farm gives work experience to special needs adults (26th January 2008, The Straits Times) Growing old gracefully (18th February 2008, Business Times) Four ways Govt can help the disabled (27th February 2008, The Straits Times) FedEx gives disabled an opportunity to sail (18th March 2008, Business Times) Govt helps open more doors to be disabled (12th April 2008, The Straits Times) Kids to get half of $52m ComChest aims to raise (24th April 2008, The Straits Times) Making a difference to disabled children (12th July 2008, The Straits Times) Disability just another hurdle (13th July 2008, The Straits Times) Special gadgets for their special needs (23rd September 2008, Today) Including students with disabilities (23rd October 2008, Today) Are we able to help the disabled? (3rd December 2008, Today) Handicapped students get sporting chance (1st February 2009, The Straits Times) More day care, activity centres for the elderly (6th February 2009, The Straits Times) Work together to help the disabled (15th February 2009, The Straits Times) Enabling the disabled is a moral duty (14th May 2009, The Straits Times) Spore gears up for SILVER TSUNAMI (21st May 2009, The Straits Times) Special needs kids pack NDP funpacks (3rd August 2009, The Straits Times) Help for disabled and elderly just a call away (28th August 2009, The Straits Times) Enabling the disabled (18th September 2009, Today) Govt-backed trust to help care for children with disabilities (30th October 2009, The Straits Times) Open Door for disabled workers (1st November 2009, The Straits Times) Students spread cheer to the terminally ill (14th November 2009, The Straits Times) Special touch making a big difference (15th November 2009, The Straits Times) Special education schools to offer skills certification (21st November 2009, The Straits Times) Special schools urged to engage public (24th November 2009, The Straits Times) More schemes to help the less fortunate (2nd December 2009, The Straits Times) Turning disability into capability (2nd December 2009, The Straits Times) Disabled issues to get airing at Speakers Corner (12th December 2009, The Straits Times) Policy to Practice and Challenges The difference between mainstreaming and inclusion is philosophical (Quah Jones, 2004). Those who advocate mainstreaming holds the view that a child with special needs belongs to a special school setting and earns his way into the regular school setting. In contrast, those who support inclusion believes that the child with special needs begins in the regular school setting and is moved to special school because the appropriate services are not available or provided for in the regular school. Advocates of full inclusion believe that children with disabilities should be integrated into the general school environment regardless of whether they are able to meet the curriculum standards. In Singapore, placement is dependent on the childs abilities and needs. Students with diverse needs are increasingly integrated into regular schools. The most common special education category learning disability could fit nearly anyone having some problems in school. Teachers in the general classroom who are managing childrens behaviours every day are in the best standing and most effective in identifying children who are at risk and in need of intervention (Mercer, Algozzine and Trifiletti, 1988). Teachers are able to identify general skills such as self-help skills, social interaction and communication skills. This is crucial in identifying children with intellectual disabilities (Kemp and Carter, 2005 as cited by Janus et al, 2007). It is not enough that teachers are effective in identifying children at risk. Teachers should be working in contact and collaboration with specialists in special needs education. In Singapore, there are no statutory requirements to provide special services for children with special needs. Voluntary welfare organisations (VWOs) have played significant roles in the introduction and development of such services since the 1950s, including early intervention programmes. Early intervention programmes are available and accessible in special schools and hospitals. According to MCYS, referral to EIPIC (Early Intervention Programme for Infants and Children) centres is executed and coordinated by the Centre for Enabled Living (CEL) through a form submission by a medical social worker at a hospitals Child Development Unit. In general, the family doctor or general practitioner makes most of the referrals. Children who have mild disabilities that are not apparent until a later age may be missed out and their identification probably made possible only through the teachers at their preschool centres. Preschool teachers along with special school teachers are receiving training at the National Institute of Education (NIE) in special needs education. In fact modules in special needs education are available in teachers training at both pre-service and in-service levels. Teachers play an important role in setting the tone to create an inclusive environment within the classrooms. Janus et al (2007) cite findings of Early, Pianta, Taylor and Cox (2001) that teacher training influences their practices. This view is supported by Stephens Braun (1980) also cited by Janus et al (2007) teachers who take special education courses are more willing to accept children with special needs and are also more confident in their ability to teach special education. Teachers value, beliefs and attitudes regarding diversity and difference can influence their teaching and practices. This in turn can influence the quality of experiences of students. Although students with special needs spend most of their time in their classrooms, success in the support they receive is also influenced by factors outside the classroom but within the school. On important factor is the availability and extent of the support the school has with regard to professionals such as educational psychologists, counsellors and teacher aides. Schools may have support in terms of equipment, books and amenities; however, the extent to which these resources are coordinated within the school can affect outcome. Leadership support in the form of a principal is necessary. Above all, the collaboration between the school and the professionals involved is crucial. Others outside the school that can influence support for students with special needs include the medical professionals, psychiatrists or paediatricians, health professionals, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists and physiotherapists. Collaboration of the school with these professionals is important. Conclusion The vision of an inclusive society depends on how inclusive schools are. The move towards integration and inclusion of students with disabilities into mainstream schools is becoming a reality in Singapore. Support for special education increased considerably since PM Lees call for an inclusive society. The MOE has played a more active role in special education, collaborating with special schools to achieve desired learning outcomes and collaborating with VWOs to appoint school management staff (Tan, 2009). There was better integration and more opportunities for partnerships between special and mainstream education resulting in more opportunities of interaction among students with and without disabilities. Education and the future of an inclusive society means teachers play a crucial role. Teachers working with students with disabilities are likely to face issues that affect the social and academic inclusion of these students. They can take stock of the challenges facing them and examine existing practices to improve current school efforts by bringing in additional necessary resources. By raising these issues and asking for help, teachers can work earnestly and make inclusion possible within the mainstream educational system for children with special needs. Special education programmes and services are improving and special education teachers are better trained. Together with the support of government we can look forward to better quality of life for all individuals with special needs and living the reality of Singapore as an inclusive society. References Balakrishnan, V. (2005, March 10) No One Left Behind [Online] Available from: http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/PressRoom/CommitteeofSupplySitting2005Part1NoOn.aspx. [Accessed 1st July 2012]. Balakrishnan, V. 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Lim, L. Tan, J. (2004) Learning and Diversity. In: Lim, L. Quah, M. M. (Eds) Educating learners with diverse abilities. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Lim, L., Thaver, T. Slee, R. (2008) Exploring disability in Singapore: A personal learning journey. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Lee, H. L. (2004, August 20) National Day Rally Speech [Online] Available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/19374508/National-Day-Rally-Speech [Accessed 30th June 2012]. Lee, H. L. (2005, August 21) National Day Rally Speech [Online] Available from: http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2005/220805_primeministersnationaldayrallyspeech2005_more.htm [Accessed 1st July 2012]. Lee, H. L. (2011, October 20) Speech [Online]. Available from: http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/speechesninterviews/primeminister/2011/October/Speech_by_Prime_Minister_Lee_Hsien_Loong_at_the_Debate_on_The_President_Address.html [Accessed 30th June 2012]. Lui, T. Y. (2008, January 26) Speech [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2008/01/26/speech-by-radm-ns-lui-tuck-yew-1.php. [Accessed 1st July 2012]. Mercer, C. D., Algozzine, B. Trifiletti, J. (1988) Early Identification: An analysis of the research. Learning Disability Quarterly, [Online] 11 (3 10th Anniversary Issue), 176-188 Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1510762 [Accessed 2nd July 2012]. Ministry of Community, Youth Sports (MCYS) (2003, September 26) UN Convention On The Rights Of The Child [Online] Available from: http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/PressRoom/UNConventionOnTheRightsOfTheChild.aspx [Accessed 1st July 2012]. Ministry of Community, Youth Sports (2010) Early Intervention Programme for Infants and Children (EIPIC) [Online] Available from: http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/Policies/DisabilitiesPeoplewithDisabilities/EducationforPeoplewithDisabilities.aspx. [Accessed 3rd July 2012]. 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Ministry of Education (2009b) Honouring Special Education Teachers and Schools [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2009/11/honouring-special-education-te-1.php. [Accessed 2nd July 2012]. Ministry of Education (2010) Honouring Special Education Teachers and Schools [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2010/11/honouring-special-education-teachers-and-schools.php. [Accessed 2nd July 2012]. Ministry of Education (2011) Honouring Special Education Teachers and Schools [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2011/11/honouring-special-education-teachers-schools.php.[Accessed 2nd July 2012]. Ministry of Education (2012a) Special Education in Singapore. [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/special-education/ [Accessed 3rd July 2012]. Ministry of Education (2010b March 10) MOE to provide greater support for special education. [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2010/03/moe-to-provide-greater-support.php. [Accessed 1st July 2012]. Nathan, S. R. (2006, November 2) A Competitive Economy, an Inclusive Society. [Online] Available from: http://www.istana.gov.sg/content/istana/news/speeches/address_by_presidentsrnathanattheopeningofparliament0.html [Accessed 4th July 2012]. Poon, K.K., Khaw, J. Tan, L. S. (2007) Special Needs Support: The Singapore Context. In: Poon, K.K. Khaw, J. (Eds) Supporting students with special needs in mainstream schools: an introduction. Singapore: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Quah, M. M. (2004) Special Education in Singapore. In: Lim, L. Quah, M. M. (Eds) Educating learners with diverse abilities. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Quah, M. M. and Jones, K. (2004 Supporting learners with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms. In: Lim, L. Quah, M. M. (Eds) Educating learners with diverse abilities. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Shanmugaratnam, T (2005, May 20) Speech [Online] Available from: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2005/sp20050520_print.htm. [Accessed 2nd July 2012]. Tan, T (2011, October 20) A home we share. A future we build together. [Online] Available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/68197764/Address-by-President-Tony-Tan-at-the-opening-of-the-12th-Parliament [Accessed 5th July 2012]. Tan, W. S. (2009) Education in Singapore: Special needs. [Online] Singapore: Singapore Infopedia Available from: http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1600_2009-10-31.html. [Accessed 3rd July 2012]. United Nations (n.d.). Convention on the Rights of the Child. [Online] Available from: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/crc.pdf. [Accessed 1st July 2012]. Yacob, H. (2011, November 8) Asia-Pacific regional conference on early childhood care and development [Online] Available from: http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/PressRoom/APconferenceonearlychildhoodcaredevt.aspx [Accessed 5th July 2012].

Alcohol Policy Done Wrong :: Argumentative persuasive Alcohol Policy Essays

Alcohol Policy Done Wrong When I was elected Interfraternity Council Treasurer in December of 1997 I knew I was in for a long semester, but I never knew what might evolve. I was elected in the wake of alcohol problems across the country. The only alcohol problem I knew of that had happened at the University of Arkansas involved a fraternity on bid day (the day when new freshman receive their invitation to a fraternity house). It involved two students that drank so much alcohol that they had to be rushed to the hospital. Both students were released from the hospital and the fraternity was placed on alcohol probation. I happened to be a newcomer to that fraternity as well and all alcohol probation meant to the fraternity was that they had to be a little more careful about where they drank alcohol in the house. The University of Arkansas has been very lenient in the past about enforcing the alcohol policy. The University’s policy is dated February 22, 1974. The policy states, â€Å"Possession and use of intoxicants in public areas of University facilities (including organized houses) and at official University functions held on campus is prohibited. Persons of legal age as prescribed by state law regarding alcoholic beverages may possess and consume these beverages in the privacy of assigned student rooms. Irresponsible behavior while under the influence of intoxicants is not condoned and may be subject to review and/or action by the appropriate judicial body.† There has been a lot of criticisms to the alcohol policy. First, the fact that it was written in 1974 attracts a plethora of criticisms. I feel that many things have changed since the 70’s and the alcohol policy should also change. Another thing that attracts criticism is the way it has been forced. I hav e seen pictures in the University of Arkansas yearbook from 1970 that show members of fraternities sitting on the roofs of their houses drinking beer out of the can, which is a direct violation of the alcohol policy. I have also heard rumors that in the 80’s kegs were clearly present throughout the fraternity houses. The next thing I would like to mention is the sudden change in enforcement of this alcohol policy. I have been on this campus for three years and I have seen an abrupt change in the way administrators enforce the alcohol policy.

Campus Recreation Facilities And Programming Education Essay

The intent of this survey was to analyze freshman pupil perceptual experiences related to Campus Recreation ( CR ) engagement and develop linkages between entree, satisfaction and academic continuity. This chapter reviews the literature sing collegial pupil continuity and diversion. The subjects include campus diversion entree, accomplishing pupil satisfaction and keeping. Student Access to Campus Recreation Facilities & A ; Programing It is no secret that active engagement in athleticss and fittingness is of critical importance to anyone seeking long permanent wellness and length of service. Prevalence of fleshiness in the United States during 2007-2008 was 32 % among big work forces and 36 % among big adult females ( Flegal, Carroll, A Ogden, & A ; Curtin, 2010 ) . Therefore it is imperative that American university pupils have entree to healthy lifestyle chances while go toing college. Reed ( 2007 ) ; Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) argue that college pupils are at hazard for a assortment of negative wellness behaviours and are in a place to get down to larn how to command their life style, but unluckily most are inactive and have non learned to develop healthy behaviours. Research workers agree that about half of all university pupils demonstrate unequal physical activity degrees ( Sabourin and Irwin, 2008 ) . Sabourin and Irwin ( 2008 ) ; Andrijasevi, Pausi, Bavcevi, Ciliga, A and Pausi ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that physical activity has a positive consequence on one ‘s well-being. Nguyen-Michel, Unger, Hamilton, and Spruijt-Metz ( 2005 ) attest that physical activity helps protect mental wellness by cut downing emphasis degrees. The writers point to a dramatic addition in both anxiousness and depression amongst college pupils during the past few decennaries. At the same clip research indicates that that colleges and universities are sing reduced registrations in basic physical activity instructional plans ( Crawford, Greenwell, and Andrew, 2007 ) . This phenomenon is likely due to the fact that physical instruction is no longer required at many universities throughout America ( Crawford, et al. , 2007 ) . Less demand for physical instruction coursework finally leads to cut down substructure investing and installation entree for pupils seeking physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Failure to supply modern, accessible installations to advance physical activity can negatively impact a university ‘s ability to pull prospective pupils and retain them ( Reisburg, 2001 ) . As a consequence, this research worker holds the belief that universities must increase handiness for pupils seeking chances to prosecute in activities which promote healthy life styles and physical activity. At many universities CR is compelled to make full the handiness nothingness created by the decreased physical instruction direction ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Kennedy ( 2007 ) notes altering pupil outlooks and competition from other educational establishments to b oot force universities to build new accessible diversion centres. Surveies of pupil populations at major universities throughout the United States show campuses which lack modern, accessible diversion comfortss have a much more hard clip both recruiting and retaining pupils ( Kennedy, 2007 ) . As a consequence colleges and universities in the United States have spent a sum of $ 7.12 billion for new building and redevelopment of recreational installations since the twelvemonth 2000 ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . It is the sentiment of this research worker that universities which seek to bolster pupil enlisting, satisfaction and academic continuity must take handiness into consideration when raising a diversion centre. Tinto ( 2000 ) ; Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) argue that campus construction and design symbolize values of the establishment. Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) contends that establishments without modern, accessible diversion and fittingness installations are much more likely to hold an unhealthy, less physically active pupil population. Additionally, diversion installations must be centrally accessible located to advance use ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Facilities built on campus fringes or those constructed at significant distance from abode halls and other communal countries fail to advance handiness ( Tinto, 2000 ) . Institutions which fail to supply equal, accessible installations which support healthy life style picks run a hazard of developing unhealthy and unsated pupil populations which fail to prevail ( Bonfiglio, 2004 ; NIRSA, 2004 ; Tinto, 2000 ) . Research workers agree that CR Administrators must besides increase pupil entree to installations by supplying diverse installation design facets and plan offerings in order to run into distinguishable pupil demands and involvements. Proper designation and design of installations and scheduling is indispensable to maximise engagement amongst all pupil groups on campus. Li, Absher, Graefe, and Hsu ( 2008 ) contend that cultural and national subgroups should be recognized when trying to make clients within diversion. Cohen, Sehgal, Williamson, Marsh, Golinelli and McKenzie ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on recreational installation enlargement and redevelopment. They examined policy and programming deductions associated with the betterments. The writers concluded that bettering recreational installations can positively better frequenter use rates, but attest that betterments do non ever increase use. Factors unassociated with physical betterments such as scheduling, staffing, fees, hours, selling, outreach, and other human factors have a dramatic consequence on client use ( Cohen, et Al, 2009 ) . In order to understand pupil needs this research worker holds the belief that CR staff and decision makers must stand for the diverseness of the university. Hale and Betances ( 2004 ) contend that the growing rate of pupils of colour is the primary ground why racial diverseness must be efficaciously implemented in higher instruction. Roberts, Outley, and Estes ( 2002 ) argue that there is a deficiency of diverseness nowadays in most diversion sections throughout the state. Roberts, et al. , ( 2002 ) contend that failure to enroll diverse staff finally strips organisational invention, competitory advantage and the ability to fulfill client demands. Enhanced enlisting, keeping and answerability criterions must be implemented within the diversion field to make staff more representative ethnically and culturally diverse pupil populations ( Roberts, et al. , 2002 ) . Surveies of organisational diverseness have demonstrated that exposure to diverse co-workers helps directors make better determinations and cultivate fresh thoughts by pulling upon larger pools of information ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) ; Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) contend that major organisational alterations must take topographic point in order to maximise diversion programming entree. Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) explain that organisational diverseness development can non arise without â€Å" unfreezing † within the organisation. Unfreezing is deemed to get down one time managerial committedness, allocation of equal resources, and or a major happening asking alteration occurs. The 2nd phase which Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) prescribe is â€Å" traveling † . Moving is accomplished by execution of patterns such as recruiting, outreach plans, cooperative and internships, mentoring, calling development enterprises, preparation and educational plans. Refreezing is the concluding procedure which begins by reexamining bing policies and processs to guarantee they support instead than struggle with the new civilization of diverseness ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . This research worker trusts that one time organisational and staff diverseness exists, rich treatment and execution of wide plan offerings can be delivered to maximise pupil entree and engagement. Last, CR decision makers must make out to pull diverse pupil groups to advance entree and consciousness about CR plan offerings. Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) assert that diverse values determine societal behaviour, and that cultural values play a major function in acknowledging alternate positions of service quality within societal groups. Hale and Kivel ( 2004 ) argue that higher instruction decision makers need to contend for equal chance, full entree, and inclusion for all pupil groups. They contend that duty requires listening to pupil groups on the borders, while admiting bulk privilege, resources, and entree. Merely so can decision makers do critical alterations which promote entree to at hazard pupil groups on the fringe ( Hale and Kivel, 2004 ) . Modern pupil populations want entree to diverse recreational scheduling chances outside the traditional sphere of competitory athleticss such as intramural flag football, hoops and playground ball ( Tsai, 2005 ) . Walker, Jackson, and Deng ( 2008 ) confirm that diversion and leisure restraints vary dramatically between diverse cultural and cultural groups. To efficaciously pull and actuate the full university population to take part, CR must understand the cultural and cultural restraints which prevent dissimilar populations from plan engagement. Walker, et al. , ( 2008 ) argue that cultural and cultural leisure restraints can be overcome if decision makers make pupil engagement a precedence by offering diverse scheduling options. Research workers agree that CR selling is another valuable tool to assist ease diverse pupil group engagement ( Crompton, 2008 ; Reed, 2007 ; Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Robinson and Gladden ( 2003 ) contend that CR trade name equity must be developed to maximise student engagement. CR sections which have built successful trade name equity have pupils which are cognizant of all plan offerings and take part with greater frequence ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . The writers conclude that trade name equity ensures maximal both plan use and grosss if fees are charged. Establishing CR trade name equity has a peculiarly positive consequence on engagement amongst freshman pupil populations ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Students which are new to college or those yet to set up peer-to-peer societal support webs can be influenced to take part in CR scheduling if the section utilizes effectual selling and has set up trade name equity ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Reed ( 2007 ) asserts that CR selling is a basically of import to guarantee freshman pupil engagement. Freshman pupils are less cognizant of recreational scheduling and installations available on campus than upperclassmen ( Reed, 2007 ) . Research workers agree that most recreational bureaus demonstrate unequal and unsuccessful selling tactics. Crompton ( 2008 ) established a Benefits Evolution Pyramid which traces the development of diversion and leisure services selling in the United States. Harmonizing to Crompton ( 2008 ) , most diversion bureaus and professionals are runing at the two lowest degrees of the pyramid which include the base or Activity / Custodial Focus and the 2nd phase of Promotion / Selling Focus. He maintains that a limited figure of bureaus have evolved to encompass User and Community Benefits Focus and really few have adopted the concluding phase of Shifting Focus. Crompton ( 2008 ) defines Shifting as a procedure of placing paramount community concerns and reacting with execution of diversion services which address the issues. He contends that positive stakeholder perceptual experience alterations typically merely occur in the highest two grades of the Benefits Evolution Pyramid. Once recreati onal services are perceived to keep social virtue, community consciousness takes topographic point and extra support leads to fulfill community members and programming length of service ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Student Satisfaction and Campus Recreation Participation Associating freshman pupil satisfaction with Campus Recreation engagement is cardinal for continued departmental support. Schuh and Upcraft ( 2001 ) point to the demand for appraisal within campus recreational plans due to high degrees of examination directed toward their wide plans, big budgets, and investing costs. Hall ( 2005 ) contends that campus diversion plans are likely to be one of the most expensive pupil support plans. Unfortunately there has been a deficiency of committedness from CRA to look into pupil perceptual experiences and construct cardinal linkages between engagement and satisfaction ( Wever, 2003 ) . CRA failure to execute this critical research may ensue in lessened departmental resources, reduced plan offerings, less substructure investing, and finally unsated pupils at hazard of going from the university. The National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association ( NIRSA ) survey on the impact of pupil engagement in CR plans and discovered cardinal relationships between engagement and academic and personal success factors ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . The survey demonstrated that active pupil engagement in CR activities correlated with higher overall college satisfaction and success. Among all pupils surveyed, CR plans and activities ranked higher than internships, cultural activities, parttime or full-time work, pupil nines and organisations, shopping, amusement, eating house options in the community, opportunity to analyze abroad, community service chances, watching varsity athleticss, take parting in varsity athleticss, and sororities/fraternities as determiners of college satisfaction and success ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Additionally, NIRSA ( 2004 ) determined that research consequences did non vary amongst undergraduate versus alumnus pupils or private versus public establishments. Becker, Cooper, Atkins, & A ; Martin ( 2009 ) ; Hall ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that pupils who actively participate in CR are more active on campus, in better mental and physical wellness, and satisfied with their collegiate experience. Since research workers conclude that pupil satisfaction can be straight linked to CR engagement, this research worker feels it is imperative that CR Administrators assess freshman pupil perceptual experiences of CR engagement. Rhodes and Nevill ( 2004 ) contend that on-campus pupil experiences which are either profoundly fulfilling or dissatisfying have the possible to impact morale, motive, and continuity. As a consequence, CR Administrators need to find whether pupils are sing deep satisfaction or dissatisfaction while take parting in CR scheduling. The survey of this information can take to designation of valuable concluding behind pupil determinations to prevail or go out the university ( Rhodes & A ; Nevill, 2004 ) . Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) examined the impact of ennui on leisure of college pupils in relation to gender, degree of instruction, and activity pick. Their research found that pupils with developed leisure accomplishments are satisfied and active in their leisure pick and activity. Students with undeveloped leisure accomplishments chose inactive activities which lack positive mental stimulation and psychological wages. The writers assert that the college old ages are an of import leisure development period where life-time leisure chases are built. Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) conclude that CR plans play a critical function in pupil leisure accomplishment development when they offer a broad scope of quality leisure chances. Student demand for modern recreational installations has grown well, with 60 nine per centum of high school seniors bespeaking that they plan to utilize the universities diversion or intramural plan upon reaching at the school ( Intercollegiate Athletes, 2000 ) . Gose ( 2006 ) maintains that CR demand at many universities can non be met by the establishment since financess can non be used for nonacademic edifices. In most instances, pupils must straight pick the measure for recreational installation redevelopment and enlargement ( Gose, 2006 ) . Therefore, in order for CRA to fulfill incoming pupil demands and assist long pillow campus enlisting attempts they must stay focussed on satisfaction degrees amongst the bing university pupil population. If current pupils are unsated with present CR scheduling and/or costs associated with installation enlargement referenda a pledge of pupil support is improbable to happen ( Gose, 2006 ) . This research worker believes universities which fail to supply pupils with entree to modern, diverse recreational installations run the hazard of developing unhealthy, at hazard campus populations. Crumbing, overused diversion installations with out-of-date fittingness equipment typically fail to actuate pupils to prosecute in physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Additionally, light and nonusers of CR installations are less satisfied with college life than heavy users ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . As a consequence, it ‘s imperative that CRAs invariably analyze and seek to better pupil satisfaction degrees. Changeless rating may assist guarantee future pupil entree to CR installations and maximise engagement. Wever ( 2003 ) contends that the political relations of higher instruction require CRA to invariably turn out departmental worth or face budget decreases. Therefore, failure to execute equal freshman pupil perceptual experience research related to Campus Recreation will finally take to obstruction pupil satisfaction rates. Unsatisfied, culturally diverse, freshman pupils are the pupil group most at hazard of bead out. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) analyze cultural values within diverse groups in order to place sentiments of service quality related to diversion. They contend that cultural groups should non be assumed to be homogenous in service quality perceptual experience. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) recommend research of multiple populations and backgrounds in add-on to cross-sectional studies and locales in order to adequately acknowledge possible users of Parkss and diversion services. They argue that this research will ensue in a diverse, satisfied client base who will return to utilize services rendered. Campus Recreation Participation and the Effectss on Academic Persistence Since pupil continuity has become an progressively serious job for American universities, the establishments have adopted a scope of response schemes. Barefoot ( 2004 ) contends that the most common initial response is for universities to delegate pupil services professionals the duty of out-of-class keeping plan development. Literally, 1000s of keeping plans designed particularly for freshman pupils have emerged in recent old ages which include assorted nines and organisations, residential plans, expanded campus orientations, convocations, community service and events that build school spirit ( Barefoot, 2004 ) . Astin ( 1999 ) adds that keeping plans tend to be grounded in historic campus traditions, but are besides enlightened by modern research related to correlativity between pupil continuity and engagement, formation of peer relationships and group association. Harmonizing to Hall ( 2005 ) , pupils who participate in CR are socially incorporate and profoundly connected to other pupil participants, module, and staff. Pascarella and Terenzini ( 2005 ) suggested that out-of-class interaction between pupils and module members appears to systematically advance pupil continuity, educational aspirations, and degree completion, even when other factors are taken into history. They besides suggested that pupil perceptual experience of module member handiness and involvement may be adequate to advance academic continuity ( Pascarella & A ; Terenzini, 2005 ) . CR chances and involvement appear to help in developing a positive self-concept and therefore advance the integrating procedure ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Wang & A ; Shiveley ( 2009 ) agree that universities need to put more resources in pulling and enrolling pupils to take part in extracurricular activities in order to heighten their on campus battle. They assert that pupils to a great extent engaged in on campus extracurricular activities have better academic public presentation than those who are non actively engaged. Astin ‘s ( 1999 ) theory of pupil engagement provides a solid theoretical foundation to explicate the grounds for this phenomenon. Harmonizing to this theory, larning results require investing of both physical and psychological energy. The more engaged a pupil is with extracurricular activities such as Campus Recreation, the more chances there are for larning to happen. Haines & A ; Fortman ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to mensurate Campus Recreation out-of-classroom acquisition in an attempt to mensurate the impact of Campus Recreation on pupil larning. They found that participants demonstrated enormous sums of larning across a wide scope of countries including but non limited to clip direction, leading, critical thought, grasp of diverseness, and societal integrating. This survey can be used to assist warrant the demand for extra investing in Campus Recreation plans, installations, and services, in add-on to run intoing the turning demands of accreditation ( Haines & A ; Fortman, 2008 ) . Belch, Gebel and Maas ( 2001 ) examined the relationship of engagement at the University Recreation Center ( URC ) on first-year continuity rates at a big public university in the sou'-west. The consequences revealed that freshers who used the URC persisted at a higher rate after one semester and after a full twelvemonth than their equals who did non utilize the URC. Continuity rates for URC users for one semester ( 92 % ) and one twelvemonth ( 71 % ) clearly outpaced that of their nonuser opposite numbers ( 86 % and 64 % severally ) . Additionally, URC users earned somewhat higher GPAs and besides earned more recognition hours at the terminal of the first twelvemonth ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) . Campus Recreation plans, peculiarly intramural athleticss, provide a powerful channel for pupil interaction ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . This interaction may supply freshers with the chance to informally develop support groups, find study spouses, and seek advice from other pupils sing the best categories or module ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Faculty and staff are besides a extremely seeable constituent of the rank of CR installations, which may supply ample chance for informal interaction with pupils. A recreational installation with diverse programmatic offerings based on pupil, module, and staff demands can function as a dynamic community, and in so making, establishes an outlook of battle and belonging by pupils. This activity is symbolic of the single pupil ‘s ability to link to others in the environment and to the university community itself ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) . Hausmann, Ye, Schfield & A ; Woods ( 2009 ) argue that pupils who become integrated into the societal and academic systems of the university, they develop a psychological sense of belonging to the university community, which is an of import precursor to desirable results such as increased committedness and continuity. They conducted a survey to mensurate pupil perceptual experiences related to campus assimilation and find if pupils sense of belonging affected academic continuity. Consequences demonstrated that pupils who felt integrated besides felt institutional committedness and desire to prevail. It is the research worker ‘s belief that CR plays a cardinal function in constructing institutional committedness and a desire to prevail. Elkins, Braxton, & A ; James ( 2000 ) took this construct a measure further and examined continuity rates amongst full-time, four-year university pupils between their first and 2nd semesters. They attempted to place how nucleus factors which consequence pupil bead out determinations. In peculiar, the writers focus on the primary phase of a pupil ‘s college passage which is labeled Separation. A sample of 411 pupils was studied to find the effects of outside support and pupil rejection of past attitudes and values on their determination to remain in school. Elkins, et Al ( 2000 ) contend that support from household and friends is critical to buttress pupil continuity. They besides concluded that a pupil ‘s degree of institutional committedness plays a major function in finding a demand to reject past attitudes and values in order to aline with values present at the establishment. The study informations collected by the writers aligned with old research performed by Tinto ( 1975, 1987, 1988, 1993 & A ; 1998 ) . Consistent grounds points to racial/ethnic minority groups having less support for college attending therefore go forthing this pupil group at greater hazard ( Elkins, et al 2000 ) .

Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco Essay

Aussieco, an Australian company established as a small manufacturing and service operation company in 1962 is now a fully expanded company with 600 employees. The company built its reputation on a single product holding 90 per cent of the Australian market in the 1980. Over the years the market holding has gone down by 30 percent in spite of the product being unique and company facing little competition in the market (Jones,Gal, n. d) The downturn in Aussieco’s performance is mainly due to issues with the company’s management and organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior refers to ‘the understanding, prediction and management of human behavior in organizations’ (Luthans,2010). It is the study of individuals and their behavior in a work place. A company’s performance and outcome largely depends on its organizational behavior as it is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management. Aussieco’s organizational behavior issues can be explained through Henri Fayol’s 14 management principles. Henri Fayol’s theory of administration and organizational behavior focuses on the personal duties of management and managerial effectiveness which aussieco lacked. (Fayol,1971). The company has inexperienced staff and no specialization as major high authority staff is friends and family without skilled knowledge. The executive managing director is the owner’s nephew with no practical or industrial experience. The production supervisor is the production manager’s best friend who has little knowledge of the daily production tasks as he is a carpet fitter by qualification. Employees at the operative level are migrant labor mostly lacking formal qualification. On diversification, management failed to understand the changing market needs. Aussieco follows the power culture where control is centralized. The major motivational or driving force is fear (Luthans,2011). Suggestions and personal preferences are not welcomed. The owner-chairman reacts in a strong negative way if any manager’s opinion differentiates from his. This lack of consultation leads to staff feeling de motivated and undervalued. Though there has been division of labor and departmentalization in the company but the managers lack authority and responsibility. On the instance of owner accepting order from a bad debt customer without consulting the general manager shows lack of authority for the manager. Owner’s dictatorial attitude and ignorance of modern trends hold back the dedicated managers to improve and bring changes in the company’s working, as they are either fired from the job or become his instant enemies. The company lacks discipline and employee commitment. Lack of loyalty, no willingness to put high levels of effort, no belief in the company’s goals and vales and lack of faith in the management all together leads to all the issues of Aussieco. During lunch hours the senior management and sales staff have access to unlimited alcohol in the workplace. Assembly line workers underperform and hold back production with vague excuses. Subordination of individual interest over the company’s interest and goal is one of the major problems of Aussieco Employees overtime to get paid extra and not for productive outcomes. Also the senior programmer in spite of completing his work order uses his work holiday for personal matters. There is lack of equity and justice among the employees. The rule being everyone must vacate office during lunch break but exceptions for the senior management and sales staff that eat in the work place, operatives and other staff are allowed no food or drinks in the workplace. The migrant staff is treated well and better than its own internal staff. There are less internal promotions. High employee turnover, no stability of tenure of personnel is another major issue with Aussieco. To attain maximum productivity of personnel it is essential to have a stable workforce, which Aussieco lacks. There are frequent mass resignations in the company. No production manager lasts for more than 3 years in the company. The post of personnel manager is vacant since 2 months. Employees have no job security and thus are not fully committed to their work. This further increases the company’s costs of recruitment,selection and training. There is lack of motivation and initiative by the management for the welfare of the employees. There is lack of rewards, appraisal and bonus. The workshop roofs are without insulation and leak during heavy rain, no doors and filthy windows point toward bad and unhealthy working conditions. This even gave a loss of $AUS 500,000 when water leakage blew a computerized robot. No parking area provided for the employees, who reach frustrated to the office,which in turn shows in their slow performance. Lack of structured work, irregularity in work and no proper accounts and records maintained by the managers is another organizational issue for Aussieco. Though the record showed a stock of 4700 resistors but none could be located. A welder forgotten by the company after fitting of new automat is idle and has no contribution in the company. Reasons why these problems occur. One of the major reason for the organizational issues of aussieco is the employee attitude. Job satisfaction focuses on employee attitude and organizational commitment focuses on their attitude towards the organization. Job satisfaction is determined by how well the expectations of employees are met in return of their output (Luthans,2011). The aspects of job satisfication are not met by Aussieco. Employees of Aussieco are unsatisfied with the kind of work they get, the job provides less opportunities for learning and less responsibility. There is lack of remuneration and pay, less promotional opportunities, bad working conditions. This high level of job dissatisfaction of employees reflects in their low performance, company’s low profits, high employee turnover, high absenteeism and low level of commitment towards the company. The attitude of employees in an organization is largely influenced by the kind of environment the organization posses and further the attitude of employees affects their efficiency and performance at the organizational level. The environment of aussieco is not employee friendly thus employees have a negative attitude. Employee traits can be best explained by the Five factor model. Job performance is highly dependent on an individual’s conscientiousness (i. e dutifulness, persistence, industriousness) and emotional stability (i. anxiety, security, suspiciousness). In Aussieco employees had low conscientiousness and low emotional stability which affected their overall task performance and contextual performance. Organizational commitment is an important attitude toward the employers and the company. It is the extent to which we identify with them. Most of the employees, posses’ continuance organizational commitment, which is a calculative approach, where they chose to continue working in the company because they ‘have to’ rather than their want or obligation. This attitude is influenced by perceived costs of leaving the company, lack of opportunities, age, peer pressure, society expectations etc. Employees of Aussieco developed this attitude because of the mechanistic treatment they receive and lack of empathy from management. Autocracy is the concentration of power and authority in hands of one person. The management of Aussieco has an autocratic structure with the owner having unlimited power and absolute authority. There is a strict hierarchical structure; orders are sent from top level to bottom level. Ideas, personal opinions and suggestions are unwelcomed. In this management style managers believe workers must be controlled to ensure maximum productivity (Luthans,2011). Aussieco’s structure can be best explained by Douglas McGregor’s theory X. This theory represents an assumption of conflicting and negative working attitudes. The managers assume an average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible, thus must be forced with threat of punishment to achieve organizational goals. An average person prefers to be directed and avoids responsibility. This approach encourages deadline and ultimatums, arrogant and demanding managers, mechanistic approach, no concern toward staff and one way communication (Jeremiah,2009). In Aussieco this approach resulted in a negative attitude by the employees, made them insecure and unhappy. Lack of Taylor’s scientific management. Frederik winslow taylor’s key idea was to improve industrial efficiency scientifically. He encouraged scientifically selecting and training workers and regularly monitoring their work to improve efficiency which also improves work man happiness and positivity (Lynch,1984). Aussieco lacked scientific selection, training and development of workmen and passively left them to train themselves. Managers did not supervise and provide instructions to the employees and there was no division of work between managers and workers. There was lack of specialization, standardized and systematic approach. The company continuously changed its suppliers for cheapest material available, a supplier providing 99. 5% quality level charging $20 per unit was replaced with a supplier charging $12per unit. The quality of the product suffered, increasing customer complaints and affecting the goodwill of the company negatively. There is lack of communication between departments, department managers and workers and senior management and managers. The senior management is unapproachable and not interested in the issues of the company and workers. Though Taylorism has faced criticism of exploitation, mechanistic approach etc but in relation to Aussieco, the company needs to adapt certain principles of Taylorism for a better organizational working. To conclude Ausseico’s major issue is organizational and management structure. The company should have a more humanistic and realistic approach with a right balance of authority and responsibility.

Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds Assignment

Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds Assignment Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds – Assignment Example The paper "Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary Funds" is a good example of an essay on finance and accounting. Governmental funds -These are funds that are regarded as being used for typical governmental functions and they include the following. A debt-service fund is a form of a government fund that is fully devoted to the repayment of debt. This fund is obtained through budgetary allocation that the government does at the beginning of each of its financial year. Local debts arise from the amount borrowed from the local industries and investors. Capital projects funds are kept by the government in order to finance the acquisition of capital assets, building or renovation of government equipment and infrastructural development. This group of funds does not include capital assets paid for through the proprietary funds. (Ruppel, 2011). Permanent funds are composed of the various investments and other resources that the government is not allowed by the constitution to spend or conv ert into cash. This fund can only be spent in circumstances that the government is in short supply of funds to finance its projects that directly benefit the people.Proprietary funds -Proprietary fund is another type of government funds that are used for the accounting of the ongoing organizations and activities of the government that are deemed to be similar to the businesses in the private sector. The funds are regarded as self-supporting owing to the fact that such services are financed by user charges or on reimbursement basis (Finkler, et. al, 2013). There are two types of funds in this category namely enterprise funds and internal service funds.Fiduciary funds -These are funds used to account for the assets that are held by a unit of the government in a trustee capacity or as an agent to individuals or private organizations. This category is made of four types of funds namely investment trust funds, agency funds, private-purpose trust funds, and pension trust funds.

Everything You Need to Know About Website Localization

Everything You Need to Know About Website Localization The internet is the easiest and most widely used means of communication in the world today. People around the globe enjoy easy access to a vast array of information, so there is significant potential for expanding your audience and your market. As a result, many companies have taken the necessary steps to translating their webpages for foreign users. This practice is referred to as website localization.What does website localization entail? Localizing a website follows principles similar to localization in general, with some additional considerations for this particular medium.Localization 101The definition of localization is the practice of adjusting a products functional properties and characteristics to accommodate the language, cultural, political and legal differences of a foreign market or country. If youre bilingual, you may have seen a translated message which didnt have quite the same meaning as the original. Either you ran into a case of poor translation (which frequently h appens) or the message was adjusted to the cultural standards of the intended region.Localization is a major component of the translation process. A direct translation isnt always the best approach because each country has its own set of customs. These differences need to be taken into account. A few examples of common adaptations are the following:Numbers- Date and time formats, measurement systems, and currency vary between countries. Users of the metric system will be confused when they see measurements expressed in feet and pounds, and vice-versa. Some countries use a dd/mm/yyyy date format instead of mm/dd/yyyy. There are variations in currency formats as well. Localization involves recognizing the differences and making the appropriate conversions.Graphics- Images, icons, symbols, gestures, and even colors can have different meanings in different regions. What may be benign and harmless in one language may be offensive in another, so its recommended to perform research to avoi d unintentionally causing a negative controversy with the viewer.Idioms and Phrases- In many cases, a popular saying doesnt translate well to another language because the cultural subtext is lost in translation, in the process. The same goes for wordplay, jokes, internet memes, and so on. In those instances, the common solution is to find equivalents in the target language. Each country has a variety of idiomatic expressions, so you have a fair chance of finding a substitute which fits the original context in the localized version. In the worst case scenario, a short note explaining the context should be included.The process of localization is intended for the benefit of the target audience, and it is made commonplace in a variety of globalized media such as films, TV shows, books, video games, and, of course, websites. Therefore, when deciding the language(s) you want your content translated into, you should also decide which region(s) youre specifically targeting. For example, if you want to translate your website to Spanish, you should decide if your content is aimed at Mexico, Spain, or another Spanish-speaking country. By the same token, translating a foreign language to English leaves you with a choice between American or British English (or Canadian, Australian, or New Zealand English for that matter).Is localization worth the effort?A primary concern in website localization is the business aspect. Translation and localization efforts are costly, especially if your website is updated on a regular basis. If you include additional expenses such as domain purchasing, server costs, and site maintenance, then youll want to make sure youre getting the desired return from your localization efforts.If your site is a platform for goods and services, then make sure to study the international market. Is there sufficient demand for what youre offering? Can potential customers afford your product(s)? Are your transaction methods viable in the target country? Can you deliver your products efficiently? Are there any international laws or regulations that could potentially hinder your business?Even if your site isnt commercially-oriented, then you should still investigate the appeal of your content. Although the whole point of going global is to reach out to as many people as possible, you wont find the same level of interest everywhere, and you may not have enough resources to localize your site to every language under the sun. Check your site traffic, do some research on which regions show (or are likely to show) interest in your website. This will give you valuable insight into which languages may be worth the investment. I once translated a website with soccer as the main subject; this sport is exceptionally popular in Brazil, so a Portuguese version was a no-brainer. Baseball, on the other hand, would be a very different story.In short, knowing where your viewers are will help you to make the most of your localization efforts.Style guides an d glossariesWhatever the purpose of your website, its important to define the image youre going for. A style guide is basically a manual with guidelines for content creation. This document is used to maintain consistency in a variety of aspects such as design, format, tone, and code of conduct. A glossary is a list of terms and definitions used as a reference resource. In localization, a glossary will include terms and the desired translations for those particular terms.Since many words can be translated in multiple ways, a glossary is important to standardize your websites vocabulary. This creates brand consistency, which results in stronger marketing. For example, the famous McDonalds slogan im lovin it is always localized in Brazil as amo muito tudo isso. Even though there are several ways of translating the original text, those exact four words are consistently used in their promotional materials. As a result, the Portuguese slogan is associated with the brand as much as the Eng lish version. The effect would have been diluted if the slogan had been translated differently with each use.That said, its possible that you may not want a specific term translated at all. Although there are guidelines for localization, they arent set in stone. In some cases, you may want to preserve a term or slogan across different languages as part of your marketing strategy (like with Johnnie Walkers famous Keep Walking). This is precisely the kind of information that should be included in a style guide/glossary in order to maintain a unified vision across different branches of your site.For instance, when I worked on a website translation project a few years ago, I received an Excel spreadsheet with the terminology I was supposed to use. This allowed me to keep my translation and localization efforts in line with the standards set by the company. So I can vouch for the importance of such a resource.Keep your website intuitive and efficientA rule of thumb in web design is that your website should be easy to navigate. Naturally, this also applies to language selection; users should be able to switch to their language quickly if the option is available. Personally, Im an advocate of making site features as nonintrusive as possible. For example, Ive seen websites forcing me to select a region/language on the main page. While this is meant to be helpful, it actually frustrates me because it forces me to stop and choose. What if Im just fine with the default language? One alternative I can think of would be to add a language menu at the top of the page; it would be easy to spot, but it wouldnt interrupt your browsing. Ive also seen sites which automatically detect your region and display your language accordingly. There are also more complex and sophisticated solutions to website language selection.The website layout also needs to be flexible; depending on the language, the text length may increase or decrease, and even the writing format may change. Your site should be able to accommodate these changes without deviating from the basic layout and structure.Also, if your site is regularly updated, especially in multiple languages, you may want to look into using a content management system (CMS). A CMS is basically a web editor that allows authorized users to add, remove, and change aspects such as text, graphics, images, video, and audio. This is done in the browser itself, so updates will go live almost immediately. Although you may be faced with certain limitations inherent to a CMS, the convenience of being able to manage your content with minimum effort is well worth considering.Whether you use a CMS or not, the important point is that your site should be designed and coded to allow dynamic changes in a short period of time.International SEO is hard work, but it is a necessityThe main goal of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is to make your website appear among the top results of an internet search. Making your site easy to find is e ssential to bring in new viewers; that alone can influence your entire content and design, and the effort is multiplied when you think about branching out to foreign markets. Consequently, you have to adopt a SEO strategy for each and every language your website is translated into.This is yet another reason to create a style guide/glossary for your website localization, as consistent terminology is one way of improving your websites relevance. Detailing a proper SEO strategy is beyond the scope of this post, but some tools such as Google Search Console can be helpful, and you could also enlist the services of an SEO agency. Nevertheless, if youre looking to expand your market, you should make sure foreign users will find your site just as easily as native users.In conclusionAll of this information can be a lot to digest, and it is just scratching the surface of website localization. But it is crucial in effectively designing and running a global business or site. Here are the main b ullet points:Know the cultural aspects of your target country and adjust your localization accordingly.Put together a style guide/glossary to maintain localization consistency.Focus on the languages of regions with significant demand for your content.Design your website to allow multiple language structures and dynamic content updating.Make browsing easy and intuitive, avoiding intrusive features.Adopt SEO strategies to make your site easy to find, even by foreign users.Localization isnt as simple as most people think, but it isnt too complicated either if you take the necessary steps. Take the time to plan out your localization strategy and you should not face many problems in the long run.

Essay on How Insurance Works

Essay on How Insurance Works Essay on How Insurance Works This is a free example essay on Insurance: In August of 2003 I took a position with AdminOne Corporation located in Bentonville, Arkansas as a Financial Services/Systems assistant. AdminOne is a privately owned and operated Third Party Administration that provides all of its clients virtually all their benefit needs. We work directly with employers representing a wide variety of industries to provide a comprehensive assortment of services with hassle-free Customer Service. For organizations determining that the high cost of health care requires alternate methods of funding, plan design, and plan management, AdminOne can provide many different functions. Some of these functions include: preparing all communication material, assisting in the implementation of the plan, recommending cost containment procedures and plan document changes, analyzing existing plan benefits and funding methods. Additionally, AdminOne also provides a wide variety of other products and services at the client’s demand, such as life insurance, long term disability, short-term disability, 401K plans, etc. As like many organizations, AdminOne feels that our customers deserve the highest quality of service and administration of their benefit plans. In keeping this our main focus, we have acquired the highest quality, technologically advanced claims adjudication system available on the market. AdminOne use the RIMS (Resource Information Management System, Inc.) system. RIMS began their business in 1981 and are still the dominant leader in claims adjudication systems. There are over 400 insurance companies across the United States that use the RIMS system, however, they haven’t seen the advantage of AdminOne. We believe we have an advantage over other insurance companies because we have built in the technology and automation functions to provide the maximum opportunity to pay claims accurately, timely, and in the most cost efficient manner for our clients. Our system is way more advanced than other insurance companies in many ways. First of all, it has the ability to link multiple fee schedules to single providers. Second, unlimited note screens can be used to aid in the documentation of every inquiry. Third, every customer who comes through us can doesn’t have to worry about fraud or abuse to their benefit plans. This is because we have installed a security system that will detect any hacking or abuse to any benefit programs. We believe this added on feature should keep clients knocking on our door for service. A new addition to our RIMS system is our customized client access website. This website is actually connected with our RIMS software so that clients can actually view their current claims. This is another advantage for us in that it keeps the phones from ringing all of the time. For example, if Allen Canning Co. wanted to access their current claims and make an adjustment because of termination of one of its employees, they could easily visit our website and make the adjustments themselves. This keeps our clients from having to call in and requiring us to make the manual adjustment. Moreover, to keep our system up to date and working efficiently, it was imperative that AdminOne recruit a systems team. There were five positions that needed to be filled and I was one of the recruits for the position. My primary responsibility, as a systems assistant, is to help my supervisor, Angie Baker, with client billing functions, implementation procedures for new clients and new computer systems and training on new systems. I actually talk to clients, such as Allen Canning Co, and help them decide how they want their claims invoices to look like. This usually takes thirty minutes to an hour to complete. Following the interview, I take their claims information and input the data in to RIMS. However, the process of inputting the data can be very extensive because every piece of information about each customer of the organization must be inputted. Then I go through a huge amount of modules and processes to produce the desired result, the invoice. Each invoice has its own number and group name associated with it. For instance, if I see AC802 in the top right corner of the plan document, I know that am working on Allen Canning Company’s invoice. Another responsibility of mine is to train clients on our custom designed client access website. I travel at least once a week to the surrounding cities and train our clients on how to use our website. Most of the time I meet with managers and other users of the system to insure they know how to input the data correctly. Most of the users have a general idea on how to use the system, but there are a few that don’t and I have to start from scratch. Furthermore, after the managers and current users understand how our website works, I give them user names and passwords which RIMS already assigns to their group name. After all this, they are now ready to view their claims and make any adjustments where they are needed. However, the clients only have limited access to our website. For instance, they cannot go into our system to change billing rates or selecting a different plan. That is something that only AdminOne has access to and there cannot be any debate. The client access website is one part of our system that I tend to a lot of the time. At the end of every day, I log in to the RIMS website and download any changes that went on in the system. For instance, if A.G. Russell Knives hired some new employees and added them to their plan, then I would extract that data and save it to our main server, which contains all of our client information. However, we do back up the server weekly to prevent loss of information in case of a fire or something along those lines. Moreover, I deal a lot with marketing materials, presentations, and proposals when necessary. For instance, whenever AdminOne has the opportunity to acquire a new client, our company will have meeting with that client in person or via videoconferencing. Sometimes I will join my team and participate in these meetings. The topics usually discussed in these meetings range from new ideas on administrative software to potential clients that we could obtain in the future. The meetings are normally 30 minutes to an hour and are very beneficial to our company. In addition to working for AdminOne as a systems assistant, I also do a number of job duties for the financial side. My primary responsibility is to update our RIMS system whenever we receive payment from our clients or when we have to cut checks to our re-insurance carriers. This is the more complicated area of my job and requires a lot more number crunching. I actually assist our accountant in keeping AdminOne’s books balanced and make sure that the money we receive goes in the correct account. My favorite part of the financial services assistant is the monthly billing, which we generate through our RIMS software. The process for calculating invoices and printing them from our server can actually be quite tedious. For example, whenever we get a new client, it is my duty to input their plan information into our system as soon as possible. I do this by creating a new table in RIMS that is specifically for our new client. Then I give them a group number, which is generated by RIMS, so that we can distinguish them from other clients. After all this is completed, RIMS will calculate their invoice based on what I input. However, since AdminOne is a third party insurance provider, we do not get all of the money that comes from paying the invoice. We have to pay other PPO carriers and re-insurance carriers based on a percentage that I enter. This is where the hard stuff comes into play because every client we have has a completely different plan. Some companies prefer to use a brok er and some clients prefer to use re-insurance carriers. Whatever the client’s decision may be; the point is that we actually enter the disbursement of payment into RIMS and it calculates the fees for us. That is the awesome attribute about RIMS because everything is automated. In addition to using the RIMS software, I also use many other software applications to complete my duties as a financial services assistant. Microsoft Excel and Quick Books are the main two that I use quite often. These applications are used to record payments whenever we receive them and aid in the accounts payable process. For instance, after I receive payment from Allen Canning Co, I open Allen Canning’s folder in Excel and update their information. This information includes the current number of people that is on their plan, which PPO carriers they used, and if they used a broker. Next I print out all of their sheets on Excel and match them to the printouts that RIMS generated. If all is correct then we are ready to cut the checks to the appropriate providers. Following the update of Excel, I then turn my attention to Quick Books. First, I prepare all of the paperwork, which was generated by RIMS and Excel, to enter the exact dollar amount. This part is very crucial because if I make one mistake it will throw off our balance sheet and income statement. Then we could possibly cut too much money or not enough. Second, I take the dollar amounts that I just entered and create a balance sheet that is generated by Quick Books. These balance sheets are then matched with our projected balance sheets that we generate earlier in the month. Sometimes the balance sheets don’t match up, but that doesn’t mean that there was an error entering the dollar amounts. It could mean that their head count had changed for their plan, such as firing someone or hiring someone. Next, after we have matched up the balance sheets, and everything looks good, we then cut the checks to the other providers. These checks are actually produced through Quick Boo ks and contain the dollar amounts for which I entered earlier in the process. Finally, after all the checks have been cut I immediately take them to our mailbox so that they can be mailed to the providers. One additional thing I did learn from my co-op experience was the act of confidentiality. This doesn’t play a big role in all organizations, but it is huge at AdminOne. It is imperative at insurance firms to keep all customers’ information kept suppressed. For instance, if I accidentally sent Allen Canning’s invoice to the wrong company, that firm could view their rates and what they are billed. This could pose a huge problem because the other firm may view their rates as being higher than Allen Canning’s and get very frustrated and we could possibly lose their business. Because everybody knows that insurance rates and premiums are based on whether the client is more risky or less risky. If they are more risky, then they will have to pay a higher premium and if they are less risky, they will pay a lower premium. Another example of keeping information suppressed is our internal network, or intranet. AdminOne has their own private network within the company that holds only accounting information and billing information. These records are to be kept suppressed at all times and AdminOne employees make sure that it does. That is why we install firewalls and blockers to keep outsiders from hacking into our system. There has been never been an occasion where anyone has tried to hack in, but there is always a first time for everything. So I guess you could see how keeping information suppressed is a must in an insurance organization. Upon joining AdminOne in early August, I really didn’t know what to expect since this was my first job in a real work environment. So I decided to come up with three objectives, or goals, that I could try to achieve throughout my co-op experience. The first goal that I set for myself was to obtain a better understanding of how internal business procedures actually work. Because I learn about them all of the time from the classes that I take and I really want to see if that is how it actually is in a real environment. The second objective that I came up with was to learn how to implement new systems in a real work setting. I believe that this is important for all ISYS majors for the simple fact that computer systems are always changing. New hardware and software hits the market all of the time and it is important as an ISYS major to become familiar with as much as you can. My third and final objective was to learn how to prioritize my duties so that I could be more efficient. S ince this was my first real job, I thought that this would be a good objective because it would definitely look good to my employer if I got a lot of work done in a short amount of time. I believe that it makes a person look good and motivated if they can prioritize and get more things done in a small amount of time. In conclusion, I would like to say that this co-op experience has really helped me in many ways. I am very fortunate I received a job that had something to do with my major and it has encouraged me to keep pursuing a career in this field of study. Since I have been working for AdminOne, I have learned so much more about my job than I ever could from a textbook. Not saying that the classes I have taken haven’t helped me, but I actually got some hands on experience while working there. For example, I have learned how to use many more software programs than I ever had while taking my ISYS classes. However, there are a few classes that really helped me out and can now see what they were talking about all this time. My Organizational Behavior class is one of the main classes where I developed a strong foundation. In that class we learned about the roles and norms of certain organizations and how they all differ depending on the organization in which you work. And on the first day o f my job I could see with my own eyes what they were talking about. I saw how all of my co-workers conducted themselves in the work environment and outside the work environment. I also leaned about our dress code while working at AdminOne, which is norm itself. In addition, my Business Statistics class was another key factor. I believe if I hadn’t taken that class, I wouldn’t be where I am because the job that I have right now requires a lot of number crunching. That is basically all we learned in Business statistics. Overall I am very pleased with my co-op experience and believe it will be very beneficial for my future. I enjoyed telling you about my organization and I hope you now have a better understanding of what we do. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Insurance from our professional essay writing service.

Service Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service Project - Case Study Example The primary contact for the conference was Maurice Hoover. As far as planning of the conference most of it was already completed when we arrived, after we were informed as to where the various sessions would take place, all that was required was to help direct people and attend the lectures, which was quite interesting and very helpful. We also assisted in setting up chairs and other minor logistical issues. At the end we did help clean up and we left at around 5:30. The name of the conference where our service project took place was called "Equanimity: Maintaining Balance." The conference itself gave me much insight into the nature of Buddhism at least as it is practiced in the United States. Our classroom preparation on Buddhism gave me some familiarity with some of the terms they used, such as the sangha and the types of meditation. I was also aware, through my previous classroom experience, the deference paid to the leaders of the conference. In this reflection paper I will try to explain what I learned during this service project not only about Buddhism as a religion, but the way in which religion is understood and practiced and I hope to explain what I learned about myself as well. One thing I immediately learned is how different religions adjust to the culture in which they are practiced. For example one of the speakers the Venerable Bhante Kassapa Bhikkhu engages in a number of practices such as Sunday Services, and youth ministry. He is also the Chaplain to Buddhist inmates at a federal corrections facility in Texas. Furthermore, in the description of Kassapa they refer at one point to his close collaboration with an abbot. All of these practices and institutions are primarily Western in character, the abbot is a position within a Christian church and many of the other elements are also Christian in nature. This blending of religious practices is a common feature of religions, and in fact most religions undergo some level of syncretism. What is interesting in this case, is how seamlessly the blending of various practices seemed to be. One might expect that certain religions, especially ones that derive from a completely different tradition to be resistant t o these kinds of formal structures from other religious traditions. However, they have managed to do so and still recognize the authenticity of their traditions. The central concept during the panel discussion was about Equanimity. The Pali term for this is called Upekkha. Upekkha or Equanimity is very important concept in Buddhism for both the Theravada and Mahayana traditions. It is one of the Four Enlightened States and serves as a stepping stone to reach nirvana or sati. It is a part of the spiritual development process and is often considered the last-identified. In English equanimity refers to one's ability to be undisturbed mentally during periods of stress or trouble. This is not unrelated to the way upekkha is understood in Buddhism. It is important to note and as was emphasized during the panel

Globalization In Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization In Education - Essay Example United States of America enjoys a very high rate of literacy. This is supported by effective education system and the global nature of incumbent. This makes it easy for the locals as well as the foreigners who turn to States for educational purpose. Overall the beneficiary of this situation is the educational sector and the economy of the nation. The overall global nature of the world is contributing to the globalization of education in its own right. Since the fast paced world has made it easy for students and communities to travel between places, as a result education sector has benefited from it equally. In present day, the American schools and colleges depict a scene that was not common before. Multi ethnic background holders are part of every class and education is imparted to them without any subjugation and discrimination. The traces of educational sector globalization and efforts made towards its promotion and implementation in the American educational system can be traced to the early days of 19th century. The overall attempt was inspired by European efforts. The global nature of education system in United States has made the overall curriculum more dynamic and challenging for the students at the same time. However this challenge makes it more vibrant and compatible for the challenges of 21st century. Globalization of education also puts more emphasis on seeking of education and enrolling the children into the schools and colleges. American education system’s long run secret can possibly be attributed to the policies adopted and the globalization inducted in the system. As a result of globalized nature of education, new technology is an integral part of the overall education system. Classes are equipped with devices and machinery that were never imagined. This has made the process of learning more interesting. As a result the students have become more responsive at the same time. As a consequence the scope of available